镉对单环刺螠非特异性免疫及组织蓄积的影响

为探究镉(Cd)对海洋动物的毒性效应,考察了不同质量浓度(0.005、0.05和0.5 mg·L~(-1)) Cd处理对单环刺螠相关免疫生理指标及主要组织中Cd蓄积量的影响。结果表明:Cd胁迫下,血细胞密度(density of hemocyte, DHC)先升后降再升,酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase, PO)活力先升后降,溶菌酶(lysozyme, LSZ)活力先降后升再降,至处理96 h,处理组DHC均显著高于对照组(P0.05),总蛋白含量变化不显著;除低浓度胁迫组(0.005 mg·L~(-1))PO活力与对照组相近外,其他处理组的PO和LSZ活力均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活力和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量总体呈上升趋势,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量先升后降再升,至胁迫96 h,各处理组SOD活力、MDA和H_2O_2含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。总之,Cd胁迫对单环刺螠非特异性免疫影响显著,Cd的短期胁迫可刺激DHC、PO和LSZ升高,免疫力增强,而高浓度Cd的胁迫时间较长会造成机体解毒能力下降,持续刺激机体产生过氧化反应,MDA含量升高,可作为单环刺螠在Cd长期胁迫下的免疫检测指标。不同胁迫浓度组单环刺螠肌肉和消化道中的Cd含量随胁迫时间均呈上升趋势,且存在显著的时间-剂量-效应关系(P0.05),其蓄积量水平为:消化道肌肉,具有组织特异性。     

Causasilty among wildfire,ENSO, timber harvest,and urban sprawl: The vector autoregression approach

This article demonstrates the applicability of vector autoregression (VAR) modeling in probing the causality relationships among wildfire, El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), timber harvest, and urban sprawl in the U.S. The VAR approach allows for the multi-directional, multi-faceted interactions among the variables concerned and enables us to portray the temporal impacts of ENSO, the volume of timber harvested, and urban sprawl on wildfire. The empirical analysis, though intended mainly for illustration, reveals that an individual factor may not affect wildfire activity (number of fires and area burned) when acting alone, but can significantly influence fire activity when coupled with other factors, and that wildfire activity has feedback effects on other variables. The impact of a change in ENSO, the volume of timber harvested, and urban population density on wildfire activity could last two decades with the most noticeable impact occurring in the initial 5–10 years. Though ENSO, timber harvest, and urban sprawl all Granger-cause wildfire activity, the impulse response functions show that wildfire activity is more responsive to urban population density than to the volume of timber harvested or ENSO. Thus, controlling urban sprawl represents another option for wildfire mitigation; and integrative wildfire management is essential.     

倒置A2/O污水处理工艺的特点及应用实例

传统A²/O工艺在保证脱氮效果的同时除磷效果往往不佳。在充分分析传统A²/O工艺的基础上，提出了将缺氧池置于厌氧池前面，厌氧池后设置好氧池的分点进水倒置A²/O工艺。某污水厂的现场试验表明，在COD去除能力与常规A²/O工艺相当的情况下，倒置A²/O工艺的脱氮除磷功能明显优于常规A²/O工艺。     

Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China

Spatial distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons [chlorinated pesticides (CPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured in riverine and estuarine sediment samples from Pearl River Delta, China, collected in 1997. Concentrations of CPs of the riverine sediment samples range from 12 to 158 ng/g, dry weight, while those of PCBs range from 11 to 486 ng/g. The CPs concentrations of the estuarine sediment samples are in the range 6-1658 ng/g, while concentrations of PCBs are in the range 10-339 ng/g. Total PAH concentration ranges from 1168 to 21,329 ng/g in the riverine sediment samples, whereas the PAH concentration ranges from 323 to 14,812 ng/g in the sediment samples of the Estuary. Sediment samples of the Zhujiang River and Macao harbor around the Estuary show the highest concentrations of CPs, PCBs, and PAHs. Possible factors affecting the distribution patterns are also discussed based on the usage history of the chemicals, hydrologic condition, and land erosion due to urbanization processes. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess petrogenic, combustion and naturally derived PAHs of the sediment samples of the Pearl River Delta. In addition, the concentrations of a number of organic compounds of the Pearl River Delta samples indicate that sediments of the Zhujiang river and Macao harbor are most likely to pose biological impairment.     

回归模型法推导油菜田土壤Cd限值的不确定性

为研究土壤-作物迁移模型推导农田土壤环境基准的不确定性,以油菜为例,通过贵州省4种典型微酸性土壤——红壤、黄壤、石灰土和黄棕壤进行Cd盐添加的盆栽试验,除全量Cd外,选择5种有效态提取剂,分别与油菜籽w(Cd)建立土壤-作物迁移模型. 参照GB 13078—2001《饲料卫生标准》w(Cd)限值(0.5 mg/kg),采用模型预测中位值和95%预测上限进行土壤Cd限值推导并分析模型的不确定性. 结果表明:全量和各提取态Cd质量分数与油菜籽w(Cd)均能建立极显著的一元(R2为0.907~0.946)或多元(考虑pH)回归模型(R2为0.875~0.962). 5.550(以多元模型中位值推导的农田安全种植油菜的Cd限值)随pH的升高从0.93 mg/kg增至1.45 mg/kg,HNO₃提取态、HCl提取态、DTPA提取态的Cd的质量分数也分别从0.81、0.97、0.73 mg/kg升至1.39、1.79、1.66 mg/kg. 基于CaCl₂提取态Cd的一元模型对pH不敏感,SEQS₅₀不受其影响. 对所有模型而言,SEQS₅₀是SEQS₉₅(基于模型95%的预测上限推导的限值)的1.1倍左右. 其中,CaCl₂提取态Cd的SEQS₅₀和SEQS₉₅分别为0.052和0.049 mg/kg,小于福建省CaCl₂提取态Cd标准限值(0.15 mg/kg). 为降低不确定性,需要选择合适的提取剂,使用全量Cd,HNO₃、HCl或DTPA 3种提取态Cd建模时须兼顾pH的影响. 研究显示,SEQS₉₅能够降低土壤Cd限值达标而作物Cd含量超标的可能性.      

污水中黄磷的光度测定法

用一种新的分光光度法测定废水和轻度污染河水中的黄磷.水中的黄磷经有机溶剂萃取后,与硝酸银溶液反应生成亮黄色,可于分光光度计上比色测定.检测下限0.01μg;相对标准偏差0％—8％;回收率88％—100％·与磷钼酸盐光度法比较.本方法简单、快速、灵敏度高、选择性好,无毒安全.     

上海城市商业性污染及防治对策的初步研究

城市商业性污染是继工业污染之后又一种不可忽视的环境污染方式,是环境保护中出现的新课题及热点问题。本文论述了城市商业性污染的内涵,并以上海为例,在不同类型商业性污染现状调查的基础上,初步探讨了城市商业性污染的评价因子、评价方法及管理控制途径。     

智能型防碰天车装置的安全可靠性分析

针对目前油田钻井现场使用的智能型防碰天车装置存在一些安全问题，分析了问题的实质是设计测量精度和安全可靠性不高。提出了具体改进设计的方案与意见。     

澳门大气气溶胶中多环芳烃研究

通过1995年和1998年澳门大气气溶胶中多环芳烃分析表明,1998年的有机污染程度是1995年的1.36～4.36倍,大气气溶胶中多环芳烃白天高于夜间,说明主要污染物为居民的工作、生活、商业、交通所排放。澳门商业交通功能区有机毒害污染较为严重,苯并(a)芘和苯并(a)蒽分别为1.56～8.10ng/m3和0.85～4.68ng/m3。      

考虑接头影响的综合管廊标准段地震响应分析∗

地震是造成综合管廊破坏的主要原因之一,综合管廊一旦发生破坏,其产生的后果将比传统埋地管道复杂得多。本文介绍了常见的几种综合管廊接头形式,并对不同的接头形式分别建立有限元模型,选取综合管廊标准段并考虑混凝土塑性损伤模型以及土体本构模型,利用自编程序施加黏弹性人工边界以及等效节点力对不同接头形式下管廊及内部管道进行地震响应分析。结果表明,在不同地震动强度下的最大纵向位移差,整体现浇结构的响应会高于预制拼装结构,且随着地震动强度的增加,响应的差异会进一步增大。两种接头形式下,管廊标准段在地震动作用下的损伤很小,仅在地震动峰值加速度达到0.4g及以上时会发生轻微损伤,不会影响正常使用。同一地震动作用下,小管径的管道应力水平会小于大管径的管道应力水平。同时采用橡胶止水带和预应力钢筋的接头形式会比仅采用橡胶止水带的接头形式更有利于降低廊内管道的应力水平。考虑到采用预应力钢筋连接的预制拼装结构会进一步提高廊内管道的安全水平,因此,在成本允许的情况下,不仅要考虑接头的防水,还应该采用预应力筋对相邻节段连接,进一步提升综合管廊的抗震性能。