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731.
732.
Andrew K. Goodhead Ian M. Head Jason R. Snape Russell J. Davenport 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(16):9511-9521
OECD ready biodegradability tests have been central to understanding the biodegradation of chemicals from a regulatory perspective for many decades. They are not fit for contemporary prioritisation of chemicals based on persistence, however, due to the low concentration of inocula used, short duration and high variability between tests. Two OECD standard inoculum pretreatment methods (settlement and filtration) were investigated to observe their effect on the probability of biodegradation and associated changes in bacterial community structure and diversity of inocula sourced from the activated sludge process of wastewater treatment plants. Both settlement and filtration were shown to dramatically and significantly reduce the probability and increase the variability of biodegradation of 4-nitrophenol compared to the use of unprocessed inocula. These differences were associated with a significant hundred-fold reduction in cell numbers and solids content and a significant shift in bacterial community structure that was sometimes accompanied by significant reductions in detectable operational taxonomic unit richness and evenness. The natural variation (between different environments) and variation due to differential selection of bacterial communities (by different pretreatment methods) is offered as an explanation for the historical high variability in standard OECD ready biodegradability tests. 相似文献
733.
Georgiana Onicescu Andrew B. Lawson Suzanne McDermott C. Marjorie Aelion Bo Cai 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(18):10775-10786
In this paper, we propose a novel spatial importance parameter hierarchical logistic regression modeling approach that includes measurement error from misalignment. We apply this model to study the relationship between the estimated concentration of soil metals at the residence of mothers and the development of intellectual disability (ID) in their children. The data consist of monthly computerized claims data about the prenatal experience of pregnant women living in nine areas within South Carolina and insured by Medicaid during January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2001 and the outcome of ID in their children during early childhood. We excluded mother-child pairs if the mother moved to an unknown location during pregnancy. We identified an association of the ID outcome with arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) concentration in soil during pregnancy, controlling for infant sex, maternal race, mother’s age, and gestational weeks at delivery. There is some indication that Hg has a slightly higher importance in the third and fourth months of pregnancy, while As has a more uniform effect over all the months with a suggestion of a slight increase in risk in later months. 相似文献
734.
Singer AC Bell T Heywood CA Smith JA Thompson IP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,147(1):74-82
In this study we examine the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the ability of the hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum lesbiacum to phytoextract nickel from co-contaminated soil. Planted and unplanted mesocosms containing the contaminated soils were repeatedly amended with sorbitan trioleate, salicylic acid and histidine in various combinations to enhance the degradation of two PAHs (phenanthrene and chrysene) and increase nickel phytoextraction. Plant growth was negatively affected by PAHs; however, there was no significant effect on the phytoextraction of Ni per unit biomass of shoot. Exogenous histidine did not increase nickel phytoextraction, but the histidine-extractable fraction of soil nickel showed a high correlation with phytoextractable nickel. These results indicate that Alyssum lesbiacum might be effective in phytoextracting nickel from marginally PAH-contaminated soils. In addition, we provide evidence for the broader applicability of histidine for quantifying and predicting Ni phytoavailability in soils. 相似文献
735.
Andrew Keats Man-Ting Cheng Eugene Yee Fue-Sang Lien 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(3):510-519
The chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model is commonly used in source apportionment studies as a means for attributing measured airborne particulate matter (PM) to its constituent emission sources. Traditionally, error terms (e.g., measurement and source profile uncertainty) associated with the model have been treated in an additive sense. In this work, however, arguments are made for the assumption of multiplicative errors, and the effects of this assumption are realized in a Bayesian probabilistic formulation which incorporates a ‘modified’ receptor model. One practical, beneficial effect of the multiplicative error assumption is that it automatically precludes the possibility of negative source contributions, without requiring additional constraints on the problem. The present Bayesian treatment further differs from traditional approaches in that the source profiles are inferred alongside the source contributions. Existing knowledge regarding the source profiles is incorporated as prior information to be updated through the Bayesian inferential scheme. Hundreds of parameters are therefore present in the expression for the joint probability of the source contributions and profiles (the posterior probability density function, or PDF), whose domain is explored efficiently using the Hamiltonian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The overall methodology is evaluated and results compared to the US Environmental Protection Agency's standard CMB model using a test case based on PM data from Fresno, California. 相似文献
736.
Prashant Kumar Andrew Garmory Matthias Ketzel Ruwim Berkowicz Rex Britter 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(4):949-958
This study presents a comparison between measured and modelled particle number concentrations (PNCs) in the 10–300 nm size range at different heights in a canyon. The PNCs were modelled using a simple modelling approach (modified Box model, including vertical variation), an Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT. All models disregarded any particle dynamics. CFD simulations have been carried out in a simplified geometry of the selected street canyon. Four different sizes of emission sources have been used in the CFD simulations to assess the effect of source size on mean PNC distributions in the street canyon. The measured PNCs were between a factor of two and three of those from the three models, suggesting that if the model inputs are chosen carefully, even a simplified approach can predict the PNCs as well as more complex models. CFD simulations showed that selection of the source size was critical to determine PNC distributions. A source size scaling the vehicle dimensions was found to better represent the measured PNC profiles in the lowest part of the canyon. The OSPM and Box model produced similar shapes of PNC profile across the entire height of the canyon, showing a well-mixed region up to first ≈2 m and then decreasing PNCs with increased height. The CFD profiles do correctly reproduce the increase from road level to a height of ≈2 m; however, they do not predict the measured PNC decrease higher in the canyon. The PNC differences were largest between idealised (CFD and Box) and operational (OSPM) models at upper sampling heights; these were attributed to weaker exchange of air between street and roof-above in the upper part of the canyon in the CFD calculations. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are given. 相似文献
737.
Kavitha Pathakoti Huey-Min Hwang Hong Xu Zoraida P. Aguilar Andrew Wang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2013,25(1):163-171
Quantum dots (QD) nanoparticles have been widely used in biomedical and electronics fields, because of their novel optical properties. Consequently it confers enormous potential for human exposure and environmental release. To increase the biocompatibility of QDs, a variety of surface coatings or functional groups are added to increase their bioactivity and water solubility. Human adult low calcium high temperature (HaCaT) cells are the epithelial cells derived from adult human skin that exhibits normal differentiation capacity and a DNA fingerprint pattern that is unaffected by long-term cultivation, transformation, or the presence of multiple chromosomal alternations. Human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells were used to systematically evaluate the cytotoxicity of biocompatible QD made of CdSe metal core and ZnS shell with three different coatings and at three different wavelengths (530, 580 and 620 nm). In terms of half- maximal inhibitory concentration, QSA-QDs with amine-polyethyleneglycol coating and QSH-QDs with amphiphilic polymer coating were not cytotoxic, while QEI-QDs with polyethylenimine coating were highly toxic to the HaCaT cells in comparison to a reference CuInS2/ZnS. QEI-QDs led to significant increase in reactive oxygen species, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA damage in HaCaT cells. The mechanisms of toxicity of QEI-530 and QEI-580 can be attributed to the combination of intracellular reactive oxygen species production and loss of MMP. The QDs toxicity can be attributed to the polyethylemimine surface coating which was highly toxic to cells in comparison with amine-polyethyleneglycol, but not due to the release of cadmium ions. 相似文献
738.
739.
Allison S. Catalano Kent Redford Richard Margoluis Andrew T. Knight 《Conservation biology》2018,32(3):584-596
Failure carries undeniable stigma and is difficult to confront for individuals, teams, and organizations. Disciplines such as commercial and military aviation, medicine, and business have long histories of grappling with it, beginning with the recognition that failure is inevitable in every human endeavor. Although conservation may arguably be more complex, conservation professionals can draw on the research and experience of these other disciplines to institutionalize activities and attitudes that foster learning from failure, whether they are minor setbacks or major disasters. Understanding the role of individual cognitive biases, team psychological safety, and organizational willingness to support critical self‐examination all contribute to creating a cultural shift in conservation to one that is open to the learning opportunity that failure provides. This new approach to managing failure is a necessary next step in the evolution of conservation effectiveness. 相似文献
740.
Standardized reporting of the costs of management interventions for biodiversity conservation 下载免费PDF全文
Gwenllian D. Iacona William J. Sutherland Bonnie Mappin Vanessa M. Adams Paul R. Armsworth Tim Coleshaw Carly Cook Ian Craigie Lynn V. Dicks James A. Fitzsimons Jennifer McGowan Andrew J. Plumptre Tal Polak Andrew S. Pullin Jeremy Ringma Ian Rushworth Andrea Santangeli Annette Stewart Ayesha Tulloch Jessica C. Walsh Hugh P. Possingham 《Conservation biology》2018,32(5):979-988
Effective conservation management interventions must combat threats and deliver benefits at costs that can be achieved within limited budgets. Considerable effort has focused on measuring the potential benefits of conservation interventions, but explicit quantification of the financial costs of implementation is rare. Even when costs have been quantified, haphazard and inconsistent reporting means published values are difficult to interpret. This reporting deficiency hinders progress toward a collective understanding of the financial costs of management interventions across projects and thus limits the ability to identify efficient solutions to conservation problems or attract adequate funding. We devised a standardized approach to describing financial costs reported for conservation interventions. The standards call for researchers and practitioners to describe the objective and outcome, context and methods, and scale of costed interventions, and to state which categories of costs are included and the currency and date for reported costs. These standards aim to provide enough contextual information that readers and future users can interpret the cost data appropriately. We suggest these standards be adopted by major conservation organizations, conservation science institutions, and journals so that cost reporting is comparable among studies. This would support shared learning and enhance the ability to identify and perform cost‐effective conservation. 相似文献