基于受体模型和源成分谱的缺失组分反演算法

针对目前在线监测仪器无法监测Al、Si标识组分可能增加源解析结果不确定性的问题,基于正交矩阵因子分解法模型和实测源成分谱反演Al、Si受体数据,提出缺失组分反演-嵌套PMF算法.设置周期性和非周期性模拟实验,利用PMF模型对缺失Al、Si受体数据、含反演Al、Si受体数据和含Al、Si受体数据分别进行源解析评估,并将源解析结果与真实值进行对比分析,验证缺失组分反演-嵌套PMF算法的可靠性.研究结果表明对于周期性扰动模拟实验,缺失Al、Si对解析土壤源、机动车、燃煤源有较大的影响,反演Al、Si能优化源解析结果,降低源解析结果的不确定性.     

ANAMMOX富集与优化停曝比对MBR-SNAD工艺的影响

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）研究了厌氧氨氧化细菌在富集过程中的活性变化,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中以恒定曝气量,通过优化停曝比实现氨氧化细菌（AerAOB）和厌氧氨氧化细菌（AnAOB）协同脱氮并且有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的活性,然后添加有机物（乙酸钠）逐步启动同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化（SNAD）工艺.结果表明,在厌氧氨氧化细菌富集过程中,通过不断缩短水力停留时间（HRT）提高进水氮负荷的方式强化厌氧氨氧化细菌活性,其平均活性由0.603mgN/（h·gVSS）提高到了8.1mgN/（h·gVSS）;当恒定曝气量为50mL/min,停曝比为4：10（min：min）时,AerAOB和AnAOB对氨氮的去除量分别占总氨氮去除量的58.8%和41.2%,NOB氧化亚硝态氮的量占总硝态氮生成量的15.3%,成功抑制了NOB的活性;当C/N比为0.5,调整停曝比为4：15后,反硝化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的20.9%,厌氧氨氧化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的79.1%,实现了AerAOB、AnAOB和反硝化细菌（DNB）协同脱氮的目的.     

新型垂直探测资料在污染天气分析中的应用

针对2017年1月上旬广州地区出现的一次持续时间长的重污染天气过程,基于地面观测资料、激光雷达、风廓线雷达和微波辐射计数据,从水平和垂直扩散条件2个方面分析了此次污染过程的形成和维持的原因.结果表明：（1）本次污染过程期间,广州地区地面风速基本为小于2m/s的偏北风,在300m高度以下普遍存在平均水平风速低于2.6m/s的小风层;污染前期640m高度内的各层回流指数廓线小于0.6,100m高度小于0.4,污染缓解后回流指数高于0.7.（2）地面PM_2.5浓度与逆温强度的相关系数为0.42,过程平均逆温厚度167m,平均逆温强度为1.08℃/100m;（3）PM_2.5浓度与边界层高度的相关系数为-0.56,清洁时段的平均边界层高度（876m）约为污染时段（620m）的1.4倍,过程最低边界层高度为267m;PM_2.5浓度与边界层通风量的相关系数为-0.61,清洁时段的平均边界层通风量（2538m²/s）约为污染时段（1136m²/s）的2.2倍,使用边界层通风量能更好表征大气污染的程度.     

基质冲击对ANAMMOX颗粒释放AHLs及颗粒特性的影响

从群体感应角度考察基质冲击对ANAMMOX颗粒特性的影响,以期为提高ANAMMOX颗粒抗基质冲击能力提供理论指导与借鉴.结果表明,24h 1500mg/L总氮冲击刺激颗粒AHLs释放量由4.3大幅增加至10.0,同时颗粒结合性胞外聚合物（B-EPS）过量释放（增加了107.3mg/g VSS）,导致颗粒沉降性能下降（密度和沉速分别降低了53%和33%）.但基质浓度恢复至稳定期水平后,AHLs释放量逐渐恢复至稳定期水平,同时B-EPS产量和颗粒性状也逐渐恢复至稳定期水平,推测基质冲击导致AHLs释放量的变化进而引起B-EPS产量的变化.批次试验结果进一步证实了基质浓度显著影响AHLs释放量,B-EPS产量与AHLs释放量密切相关.总氮浓度为1000mg/L时,AHLs释放量高达11.7,导致B-EPS中的松散结合性EPS（LB-EPS）相比总氮浓度为200mg/L时增加了69mg/g VSS,颗粒沉降性能下降.然而紧密结合性EPS（TB-EPS）含量不受基质浓度影响,认为LB-EPS是决定颗粒沉降能力的关键因素.低浓度抑制剂可有效抑制高基质浓度引起的AHLs过量释放,使LB-EPS产量降低36%,颗粒沉降性能和活性得以提高.     

Development of a model to simulate soil heavy metals lateral migration quantity based on SWAT in Huanjiang watershed, China

Lateral transportation of soil heavy metals in rainfall events could significantly increase the scope of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model with high accuracy to simulate the migration quantity of heavy metals. A model for heavy metal migration simulation was developed based on the SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. This model took into consideration the influence of soil p H value, soil particle size, runoff volume, sediment amount,concentration of water-soluble heavy metals dissolved in runoff and insoluble absorbed to the soil particles. This model was reasonable in Huanjiang watershed, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, south China, covering an area of 273 km~2. The optimal drainage area threshold was determined by analyzing the effects of watershed subdivision on the simulation results to ensure the simulation accuracy. The main conclusions of this paper were:(1) watershed subdivision could affect simulation migration quantity of heavy metals;(2) the quantity of heavy metals transported by sediment accounted for 97%–99% of the total migration quantity in the study watershed. Therefore, sediment played the most important role in heavy metal migration;(3) the optimal drainage area threshold percentage to ensure high simulation accuracy was determined to be 2.01% of the total watershed;(4) with the optimal threshold percentage, this model could simulate the migration quantity of As, Pb and Cd accurately at the total watershed and subwatershed level. The results of this paper were useful for identifying the key regions with heavy metal migration.     

Response of the sediment geochemistry of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Based on the measurement of major and trace elements in suspended sediments in the low reaches of the Changjiang River during throughout a whole hydrologic year, the origins, seasonal variations, and fluxes of multielements and the human impacts on multielements transport processes have been analyzed along with the influence of weathering in the Changjiang River basin. The results show that most element contents were high in both autumn and winter and low in summer, which was largely caused by the dilution of discharge. Weathering detritus in the Changjiang River basin is the main source of most elements in suspended sediments. However, riverine pollution could bring more loadings of Cd, Pb, As and Zn into river water than it did a few decades ago. The annual average fluxes of Cd, Pb and Zn, which are major contamination elements, to the sea were 179 ± 21 tons/year, 7810 ± 675 tons/year, and 12,000 ± 1320 tons/year,respectively, in which approximately 8.7%, 11.9% and 2.7% of their loadings, respectively,were contributed by pollution inputs. Element exports mainly occurred in the summer(44.4%–57.4%) in the lower part of the Changjiang River. A general relationship between sediment retention and element content suggests a positive feedback mechanism for the decreased number of particles, in which element riverine loadings are reduced due to the enhanced trapping effect by the Three Gorges Dam(TGD). Compared to those in 1980,current element shares of the Changjiang River compared to the global budget have declined due to the construction of the TGD.     

Enzyme-electrolytic degradation of dichloromethane: Efficiency, kinetics and mechanism

Enzymatic electrolysis cell(EEC) has advantages over microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) due to the needless of microbe inoculation and high-efficiency of enzymatic reaction. In this study, an EEC was first applied to achieve the effective degradation of halogenated organic pollutants and dichloromethane(CH_2Cl_2) was utilized as a model pollutant. The results indicate that the degradation efficiency of CH_2Cl_2 after 2 hr reaction in the EEC was almost100%, which was significantly higher than that with enzyme(51.1%) or current(19.0%). The current induced the continuous regeneration of reduced glutathione(GSH), thus CH_2Cl_2 was degraded under the catalysis of GSH-dependent dehalogenase through stepwise dechlorination, and successively formed monochloromethane(CH_3Cl) and methane(CH_4). The kinetic result shows that with a current of 15 mA, the maximum specific degradation rate of CH_2Cl_2(3.77 × 10~(-3) hr~(-1)) was increased by 5.7 times. The optimum condition for CH_2Cl_2 dechlorination was also obtained with pH, current and temperature of 7.0, 15 mA and 35°C,respectively. Importantly, this study helps to understand the behavior of enzymes and the fate of halogenated organic pollutants with EEC, providing a possible treatment technology for halogenated organic pollutants.     

热障涂层对DD6单晶高温合金高周疲劳性能的影响

目的研究电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层对单晶高温合金高周疲劳性能的影响,为热障涂层在涡轮叶片上的应用提供技术支持。方法采用真空电弧镀和电子束物理气相沉积工艺制备YSZ热障涂层,进行900℃条件下高周疲劳性能测试,采用扫描电镜对测试后的试样表面、断口形貌进行观察与分析。结果在900℃、380 MPa条件下,带涂层的DD6单晶试棒循环次数(Nf)超过了107,420 MPa条件下超过了106。通过对DD6单晶试棒断口分析,失效后的带涂层试棒仍以DD6单晶常见滑移解离形式发生破坏。结论高周疲劳性能测试条件下,带YSZ热障涂层的试棒中粘结层率先产生垂直微裂纹,但是裂纹扩展延伸中发生氧化钝化,之后DD6基体沿正常的滑移方向从表面向内部疲劳扩展,带涂层的试棒疲劳裂纹并非由涂层微裂纹直接扩展形成,热障涂层对DD6单晶高温合金高周疲劳性能影响较小。     

电子束物理气相沉积制备热障涂层研究进展

介绍了电子束物理气相沉积设备的主要组成、工作原理和电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层的结构特点,并重点论述了工件转速、工件温度、靶材蒸汽入射角度、工件表面的粗糙度、粘结层预氧化、改性粘结层和双层陶瓷层等对电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层性能的影响。     

基于Revised IMPROVE方法和MIE方法计算北京地区气溶胶消光系数的对比分析

目的对比分析IMPROVE方程的改进算法(Revised IMPROVE)和MIE方法在北京地区计算消光系数的适用性。方法基于2012年6月3日至6月30日北京地区大气颗粒物成分的浓度观测数据,分别采用Revised IMPROVE和MIE方法计算颗粒物的消光系数,其中MIE方法的粒径分布采用总量双峰分布体积谱和化学组分体积谱两种方案进行循环试验获取最优拟合结果,使用散射积分浊度计和黑碳仪的实测数据对计算结果进行对比分析。结果 RevisedIMPROVE方程、总量双峰体积谱MIE方法和化学组分体积谱MIE方法都能较好地计算出了大气颗粒物消光系数,与观测结果回归方程的相关系数R分别达到0.952、0.9686和0.9734。体积谱分布参数的循环试验方法还同时可以获得气溶胶的体积谱分布参数,总量双峰体积谱和化学组分体积谱MIE方法得到的细颗粒和粗颗粒几何平均粒径分别为0.74、7.5μm和0.48、6.0μm。结论采用化学组分体积谱MIE方法计算的消光系数与观测结果最为接近,Revised IMPROVE方程也有较好的准确性,采用化学组分体积谱MIE方法得到的颗粒物体积谱峰值与实际观测结果也较为一致。