Current status and research on E-waste issues in Asia

Rapid economic growth in Asia and the increasing transboundary movement of secondary resources will increasingly require both 3R endeavors (reduce, reuse, recycle) in each country and appropriate control of international material cycles. Recently, managing electrical and electronic waste (E-waste) has become an important target for domestic and international material cycles from the viewpoints of environmental preservation and resource utilization efficiency. To understand the current status of E-waste issues in the context of international material cycles and to discuss the future tasks related to achieving 3R in the region, we organized the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) E-waste Workshop in December 2004. This article reviews past studies on E-waste and briefly describes the topics presented and discussions held at the workshop. The topics at the workshop included E-waste generation, recycling systems, international trade, and environmental impacts. In addition, we discussed various issues such as terminology, current environmental concerns, and possible solutions. Transboundary shipments of E-waste should be conducted taking into consideration the concept of sustainable development. The direction of future research and possible collaborations are also discussed.     

Towards zero discharge of chromium-containing leather waste through improved alkali hydrolysis

The treatment of chromium-containing leather waste (CCLW), the major solid waste generated at the post-tanning operations of leather processing, has the potential to generate value-added leather chemicals. Various alkali and enzymatic hydrolysis were compared, and calcium oxide was found to be important for effective (but still incomplete) hydrolysis. Three possible reasons are given for the incomplete hydrolysis under alkaline conditions. Data for 19 amino acids are presented for four different treatment products. On the basis of the results, a novel three-step CCLW treatment process is proposed. The gelatin extracted in the first step is chemically modified to produce leather finishing agents. The collagen hydrolysates isolated in the second step are used as proteinic retanning agents by chemical modification. The remaining chrome cake is further hydrolyzed with acids in the third step, and the obtained chromium-containing protein hydrolysates could be used for the preparation of chromium-containing retanning agents for leather industry. The proposed three-step process provides a feasible zero discharge process for the treatment of CCLW.     

生物难降解有机污染物的治理对策

针对废水中难降解化学合成有机污染物的种类和数量不断增加，生物处理出水达标困难的现状，总结了国内外的经验和研究成果，对现有处理装置改造提出了若干建议，并介绍了几种国外废水处理新技术。     

有机离子载入-复焙烧失法制备新型净水材料

探索了一种制备介孔复合净水材料的新方法——载入有机离子一复焙烧失法。通过实验得到的最佳工艺参数为：有机载入剂为CTMAB,有机载入剂(质量浓度5g/L)加入量4mL／g,有机离子交换反应时间2h,反应温度40℃,复焙烧失温度230℃,复焙烧失时间1．5h。在最佳工艺条件下制备的净水材料对色度为7400倍、COD为3040mg／L的染料废水的脱色率为98．9％,略优于杏壳活性炭的脱色率(98．2％);COD去除率为91．3％,与杏壳活性炭的COD去除率91．7％相差无几。净水材料的染料吸附量是添加剂升温烧蚀后产品的近85倍,是酸洗刻蚀后产品的近590倍,是原材料的900多倍,其对染料废水的净化能力整体优于杏壳活性炭。     

镉试剂2B固相萃取光度法测定水中微量银

研究了镉试剂2B固相萃取测定银的方法。在pH为9.5的硼砂-氢氧化钠缓冲介质中,乳化剂-OP存在下,镉试剂2B与银反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可用pH使用范围为1~12的W atersX terraTMRP18固相萃取小柱富集,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇(内含0.01 mol/L、pH为9.5的四氢吡咯-醋酸缓冲溶液)洗脱后用光度法测定,在洗脱剂介质中最大吸收波长为555 nm,摩尔吸光系数为1.04×105L/(mol.cm)。银质量浓度在0.01~1.0μg/mL内符合比尔定律,方法用于环境水样中银含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

气候条件对中国水稻稻飞虱为害规律的影响

稻飞虱除了在海南、广东、广西、二南南部冬季有少量虫源存活外，在中国其它大部分地区常年均不能越冬，春秋季初始虫源主要来自于国外。越南是中国稻飞虱的主要初始虫源地，中国稻飞虱直接来自越南红河三角洲，而最初的虫源地为泪公河三角洲。入境后的稻飞虱每年均出现有规律的５次由南向北和３次由北向南的迁飞过程。暖冬使越南等境外或中国稻飞虱越冬区的稻飞虱迁入期提前，为害期延长．中国稻飞虱发生较重的年份大多出现在３—５月副高较强的年份．厄尔尼诺年的次年中国稻飞虱有可能严重发生。     

污水灌溉风险概率分布的研究

针对目前我国水资源紧缺、用大量污水进行农田灌溉造成环境污染的现状,指出了污水灌溉风险研究中的不足.利用农业干旱模型,通过非参数检验对污水灌溉风险的概率分布进行了研究,并利用江苏省南京地区某污灌区的实际资料,计算了当地污水灌溉风险的概率分布.     

结构分析中模拟与仿真技术研究

由于像洪水、水灾、地震这样一类自然灾害的原型重复试验几乎是不可能的,因此计算机仿真技术在这一领域的应用具有重要的意义。本文探索了土木工程中模拟与仿真的概念、特征及实现途径,阐述了关于仿真智能化、可视化的技术细节及仿真的基本思路;结合面向对象程序设计（OOP）概念,提出了结构分析程序设计的原则及标准。在此基础上,编写了基于Windows的结构有限元分析软件SmartSEA.     

重力式码头的震害预测

本文根据重力式码头的结构地震荷载计算和地震破坏的经验，建立了重力式码头的震害预测方法。并用此方法对烟台港的重力式码头进行了震害预测。