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101.
Krish Vijayaraghavan Chris Lindhjem Bonyoung Koo Allison DenBleyker Edward Tai Tejas Shah 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2016,66(2):98-119
Federal Tier 3 motor vehicle emission and fuel sulfur standards have been promulgated in the United States to help attain air quality standards for ozone and PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm). The authors modeled a standard similar to Tier 3 (a hypothetical nationwide implementation of the California Low Emission Vehicle [LEV] III standards) and prior Tier 2 standards for on-road gasoline-fueled light-duty vehicles (gLDVs) to assess incremental air quality benefits in the United States (U.S.) and the relative contributions of gLDVs and other major source categories to ozone and PM2.5 in 2030. Strengthening Tier 2 to a Tier 3-like (LEV III) standard reduces the summertime monthly mean of daily maximum 8-hr average (MDA8) ozone in the eastern U.S. by up to 1.5 ppb (or 2%) and the maximum MDA8 ozone by up to 3.4 ppb (or 3%). Reducing gasoline sulfur content from 30 to 10 ppm is responsible for up to 0.3 ppb of the improvement in the monthly mean ozone and up to 0.8 ppb of the improvement in maximum ozone. Across four major urban areas—Atlanta, Detroit, Philadelphia, and St. Louis—gLDV contributions range from 5% to 9% and 3% to 6% of the summertime mean MDA8 ozone under Tier 2 and Tier 3, respectively, and from 7% to 11% and 3% to 7% of the maximum MDA8 ozone under Tier 2 and Tier 3, respectively. Monthly mean 24-hr PM2.5 decreases by up to 0.5 μg/m3 (or 3%) in the eastern U.S. from Tier 2 to Tier 3, with about 0.1 μg/m3 of the reduction due to the lower gasoline sulfur content. At the four urban areas under the Tier 3 program, gLDV emissions contribute 3.4–5.0% and 1.7–2.4% of the winter and summer mean 24-hr PM2.5, respectively, and 3.8–4.6% and 1.5–2.0% of the mean 24-hr PM2.5 on days with elevated PM2.5 in winter and summer, respectively.Implications: Following U.S. Tier 3 emissions and fuel sulfur standards for gasoline-fueled passenger cars and light trucks, these vehicles are expected to contribute less than 6% of the summertime mean daily maximum 8-hr ozone and less than 7% and 4% of the winter and summer mean 24-hr PM2.5 in the eastern U.S. in 2030. On days with elevated ozone or PM2.5 at four major urban areas, these vehicles contribute less than 7% of ozone and less than 5% of PM2.5, with sources outside North America and U.S. area source emissions constituting some of the main contributors to ozone and PM2.5, respectively. 相似文献
102.
Determination of four fluoroquinolone antibiotics in tap water in Guangzhou and Macao 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Yiruhan Yan-Wen Li Peng Gao Yi-Ping Tai Yan Zhang Zhi-Li Ruan Jia-Wei Xu 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(7):2350-2358
Four fluoroquinolone antibiotics (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and enrofloxacin) in tap water in Guangzhou and Macao were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection. The results showed that all target antibiotics were detected in high rate both in Guangzhou (77.5%) and Macao (100%), ranging from 1.0 to 679.7 ng/L (SD ≤ 37.6) in Guangzhou, and from 2.0 to 37.0 ng/L (SD ≤ 2.5) in Macao. The fluoroquinolone antibiotics pollution in tap water widely distributes in Guangzhou and Macao. In addition, the effect of rainfall on concentration of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in south China was also investigated. Our result indicates that the antibiotic concentration in tap water in Guangzhou tends to obviously reduce at the beginning of rainy season, even decreases below the limit of quantification immediately. Thus, it was clarified that the heavy rain in south China has the function of reducing the fluoroquinolone antibiotics concentrations in tap water. 相似文献
103.
Toshiaki Hayashi Tai Gyu Lee Melynda Hazelwood Elizabeth Hedrick Pratim Biswas 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):922-929
ABSTRACT The use of activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters for the capture of particulate matter and elemental Hg is demonstrated. The pressure drop and particle collection efficiency characteristics of the ACF filters were established at two different face velocities and for two different aerosols: spherical NaCl and combustion-generated silica particles. The clean ACF filter specific resistance was 153 kg m-2 sec-1. The experimental specific resistance for cake filtration was 1.6 × 106 sec-1 and 2.4 × 105 sec-1 for 0.5- and 1.5-μm mass median diameter particles, respectively. The resistance factor R was approximately 2, similar to that for the high-efficiency particulate air filters. There was a discrepancy in the measured particle collection efficiencies and those predicted by theory. The use of the ACF filter for elemental Hg capture was illustrated, and the breakthrough characteristic was established. The capacity of the ACF filter for Hg capture was similar to other powdered activated carbons. 相似文献
104.
105.
20世纪以来安徽与中国大陆地震活动呈同步活跃关系。本文对安徽的地震活动周期进行了划分 ,并用综合统计分析方法进行安徽未来地震活动趋势研究 ,结果表明 :安徽目前正处在一个相对较弱的地震活动期 ,该活动期约在 2 0 0 6年前后结束 ,估计发生地震的最大震级为 5级左右 ,可能主要是 4~ 5级地震活动。 相似文献
106.
107.
Yongpeng Lü Kai YANG Yue CHE Zhaoyi SHANG Jun TAI Yun JIAN 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2012,6(4):575-587
Sustainable waste management in the industrial ecology perspective brings enormous challenges to the existing methodology of waste analysis at the industrial park (IP) scale. In this study, a four-step method was proposed for industrial solid waste (ISW) flow analysis of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) and applied to two IPs in eastern China. According to a park-wide census of 619 industrial enterprises and 105 questionnaires by a survey from 2006 to 2008, the results indicated that: 1) at the enterprise scale, more than 60% of enterprises were small-ISW-generation enterprises which encountered great difficulties on effective waste management; 2) at the IP scale, though the two IPs have set up their own environmental management systems and passed the ISO 14001 certification, the efficiencies of the ISW management systems have yet to be improved in the industrial ecology perspective; and 3) at the regional scale, more than 97% of ISW flowed within the provincial region, indicating that the provincial governments prevented the wastes from flowing into their own “back yard”. Effective waste management should be placed in a broader perspective. Approaches to sustainable waste management may include wastes exchange, efficient waste and information flow, virtual EIP, waste minimization clubs and regionalization of waste management. 相似文献
108.
Purification of contaminated paddy fields by clean water irrigation over two decades 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yiping Tai Huanping Lu Zhian Li Ping Zhuang Bi Zou Hanping Xia Faming Wang Gang Wang Jun Duan Jianxia Zhang 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2013,35(5):657-666
Paddy fields near a mining site in north part of Guangdong Province, PR China, were severely contaminated by heavy metals as a result of wastewater irrigation from the tailing pond. The following clean water irrigation for 2 decades produced marked rinsing effect, especially on Pb and Zn. Paddy fields continuously irrigated with wastewater ever since mining started (50 years) had 1,050.0 mg kg?1 of Pb and 810.3 mg kg?1 of Zn for upper 20 cm soil, in comparison with 215.9 mg kg?1 of Pb and 525.4 mg kg?1 of Zn, respectively, with clean water irrigation for 20 years. Rinsing effect mainly occurred to a depth of upper 40 cm, of which the soil contained highest metals. Copper and Cd in the farmlands were also reduced due to clean water irrigation. Higher availability of Pb might partly account for more Pb transferred from the tailing pond to the farmland and also more Pb removal from the farmland as a result of clean water irrigation. Neither rice in the paddy field nor dense weeds in the uncultivated field largely took up the metals. However, they might contribute to activate metals differently, leading to a different purification extent. Rotation of rice and weed reduced metal retention in the farmland soil, in comparison with sole rice growth. Harvesting of rice grain (and partially rice stalk) only contributed small fraction of total amount of removed metal. In summary, heavy metal in paddy field resulted from irrigation of mining wastewater could be largely removed by clean water irrigation for sufficient time. 相似文献
109.
基于土地利用变化的小江流域非点源污染特征 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7
选取三峡库区典型支流——小江流域为研究对象,以GIS软件为分析工具,在L-THIA模型的基础上,分析小江流域非点源污染物负荷量随土地利用方式改变而产生的时空变化特征. 结果表明:2007年小江流域非点源污染物TN和TP总负荷量分别为5 563.11和1 550.65 t,其中旱地的污染物负荷量最大,TN和TP负荷量分别达到4 633.43和1 368.96 t,占总负荷量的83.29%和88.29%;从空间分布上看,非点源污染主要集中在旱地较多的东河流域和南河流域;而从时间分布上看,随着旱地面积的大幅增加,1995—2007年小江流域污染物负荷量明显增加. 相似文献
110.
Monitoring of pesticide residues levels in fresh vegetable form Heibei Province,North China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Weihao Li Lingyu Tai Jianxia Liu Zikuan Gai Guotao Ding 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(10):6341-6349
In this study, 226 samples of seven types of domestic vegetables collected from several vegetable-growing regions in Hebei Province of China were tested for the presence of 38 different agricultural pesticides using a gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture and nitrogen phosphorus detectors. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of pesticides in main vegetables from Hebei Province. Results showed that, in 65.93 % of the samples, no residues were found, 31.42 % of the samples contained pesticide residues at or below the maximum residue levels (MRLs), and 2.65 % of the samples contained pesticide residues above MRL. The most frequently detected pesticides were acephate (31), followed by cyhalothrin (15), bifenthrin (8), omethoate (6), isazophos (6), dimethoate (5), chlorpyrifos (2), and malathion (1). Some (1.33 %) of the samples contained multiple residues. The results provide useful information on the current contamination status of a key agricultural area in North China, and points to the continuous monitoring and strict regulation of pesticide use on vegetables are necessary. 相似文献