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21.
Keigo Akimoto Fuminori Sano Takashi Homma Kenichi Wada Miyuki Nagashima Junichiro Oda 《Sustainability Science》2012,7(2):157-168
This study focuses on analyses of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, from the perspective of interrelationships among
time points and countries, in order to seek effective reductions. We assessed GHG emission reduction potentials and costs
in 2020 and 2030 by country and sector, using a GHG emission reduction-assessment model of high resolution regarding region
and technology, and of high consistency with intertemporal, interregional, and intersectoral relationships. Global GHG emission
reduction potentials relative to baseline emissions in 2020 are 8.4, 14.7, and 18.9 GtCO2eq. at costs below 20, 50, and 100 $/tCO2eq., corresponding to +19, −2, and −7 %, respectively, relative to 2005. The emission reduction potential for 2030 is greater
than that for 2020, mainly because many energy supply and energy-intensive technologies have long lifetimes and more of the
current key facilities will be extant in 2020 than in 2030. The emission reduction potentials in 2030 are 12.6, 22.0, and
26.6 GtCO2eq. at costs below 20, 50, and 100 $/tCO2eq., corresponding to +19, −2, and −7 %, respectively, relative to 2005. The emission reduction potential for 2030 is greater
than that for 2020, mainly because many energy supply and energy-intensive technologies have long lifetimes and more of the
current key facilities will be extant in 2020 than in 2030. The emission reduction potentials in 2030 are 12.6, 22.0, and
26.6 GtCO2eq. at costs below 20, 50, and 100 /tCO2eq., corresponding to +33, +8, and −3 %, respectively, relative to 2005. Global emission reduction potentials at a cost below
50 $/tCO2eq. for nuclear power and carbon capture and storage are 2.3 and 2.2 GtCO2eq., respectively, relative to baseline emissions in 2030. Longer-term perspectives on GHG emission reductions toward 2030
will yield more cost-effective reduction scenarios for 2020 as well. 相似文献
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23.
Mohammad Ashik Iqbal Khan Kihachi Ueno Sakae Horimoto Fuminori Komai Takashi Someya Koichi Inoue Kinji Tanaka Yoshitaka Ono 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(12):2969-2975
The composting process of different organic wastes both in laboratory and on a large-scale was characterized using CIELAB color variables to evaluate compost stability for the better application in agriculture. The time courses of the CIELAB variables of composting materials were determined directly from the bottom of a glass petri dish filled with dried and ground samples using a Minolta Color Reader (CR-13) calibrated with clean empty petri dishes placed on a white tile. To compare the proposed method with conventional methods, the same materials were also evaluated using commonly used compost stability evaluation indices. Most of the CIELAB variables of a compost made from a mixture of green tea waste and rice bran reached a plateau after 84 days of composting and showed strong relationships with the commonly used compost stability evaluation indices. The time needed for CIELAB variables, especially the L*and b* values, to stabilize at large-scale composting plants of cattle litter, farmyard manure, kitchen garbage and bark compost, were more or less similar to the times of maturation evaluated by the respective compost producers. The CIELAB color variable offers a new, simple, rapid and inexpensive means of evaluating compost stability and its quality prior to agricultural use. 相似文献
24.
Ryo?ShojiEmail author Takanori?Miyazaki Takashi?Niinou Mikio?Kato Hiroshi?Ishii 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2004,6(2):142-146
We have successfully prepared a bead-type adsorbent from two materials with different adsorption characteristics. Heavy metals were removed by greatly swollen egg shell membrane-conjugated chitosan beads. The egg shell membrane accumulated and removed precious metal ions from a dilute aqueous solution with a high affinity in a short contact time. Experiments suggested that chitosan beads could take up gold ions with great capacity and selectivity by conjugation with egg shell membrane. Under certain conditions, the selective removal of gold and copper in a mixture of gold and copper ions by egg shell membrane-conjugated chitosan beads was 100% and 2%, respectively. Egg shell membrane-conjugated chitosan beads can be seen as a promising material to recover gold in wastewater from various industries, such as electroplating. 相似文献
25.
Seasonal variability of 1-chloropyrene on atmospheric particles and photostability in toluene 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The occurrence of a mutagenic compound, 1-chloropyrene (Cl-Py), in extracts of ambient particulate matter at an urban site in Japan has been investigated. Samples were collected with a high-volume air sampler for 24 h periods over the course of 1 week in winter (February), spring (May), summer (August), and autumn (November) 2002. The Cl-Py levels showed seasonal variation, ranging from 2.4 pg/m(3) (summer) to 18.9 pg/m(3) (winter). This variation would indicate that the lower temperatures in winter results in an increased distribution of Cl-Py from vapor phase to the particle phase. In addition, there is also the possibility that ambient Cl-Py is emitted from seasonal sources or is susceptible to photodegradation by sunlight, or both. The photodegradation of Cl-Py in a laboratory experiment was conducted to simulate the compound's fate on airborne particle surfaces. The degradation of Cl-Py proceeded by a first-order reaction with a rate constant of 0.72 h(-1). In the presence of a radical sensitizer, 9,10-anthraquinone (AQ), the photodegradation rate of Cl-Py was elevated in comparison with the rate in the absence of AQ. In addition, the dechlorination of Cl-Py (i.e., the formation of Py) occurred in the presence of AQ. 相似文献
26.
The authors previously proposed the concept of a new thermal remediation process for particulate/powder materials contaminated by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and experimentally verified its validity on the basis of process efficiency. However, contaminees such as soils and fly ashes from waste incinerators often contain a considerable amount of other chlorides, which may act as a main source of chlorine in the formation of PCDD/Fs via thermal processes. The present study aims to examine the formation and transport of PCDD/Fs in the packed bed of soil containing a chloride during the process. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer was mixed with soil sample as an organic chloride model. A laboratory-scale apparatus was employed as a process simulator. Further, a technique to quench the process was applied to observe the concentration distribution of PCDD/Fs in the solid bed in the vertical direction. The result shows that the PCDFs tend to form dominantly in the high temperature (calcination and/or combustion) zone and are successively trapped in the low temperature (wet) zone. Especially, TeCDF is the most dominant homologue contained in the wet zone and outlet gas. Although PCDD/Fs are once trapped at the wet zone, the concentration of the remediated materials gives fairly low value (1.9 pg/g-dry, 0.04 pg-TEQ/g-dry). It signifies that organic chlorides mingled in the solid contaminee not affect the removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs in the process. Nevertheless, attention should be paid to the potential emission of PCDD/Fs in the outlet gas due to the presence of organic chloride in the soil. 相似文献
27.
Takashi Yamamoto Atsushi Ohara Yukio Noma Katsushi Nishizawa Akio Yasuhara Shin-ichi Sakai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):188-193
The photodegradation of tetraphenyltin (TePT) contained in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-based transformer oil simulants
by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in alkaline 2-propanol solutions was examined. In the absence of PCBs, the TePT level fell
to below 1% of the initial concentration within 30 min. In the absence of both PCBs and an alkali, the concentrations of tri-,
di-, and monophenyltins initially increased to a few milligrams per liter, and then reduced to below the detection limits
within 90 min. The addition of an alkali to the reaction solution slightly accelerated the photodecomposition of TePT. The
decomposition of other phenyltins (PTs) was also accelerated. When PCBs with concentrations of approximately 80 times the
initial TePT concentration were added, only a small fraction of the TePT decomposed within 100 min. Moreover, the levels of
PTs did not change during irradiation. TePT and other PTs did decompose when the level of PCBs was reduced to the same concentration
as that of TePT; however, the decomposition rates were slower than those in the absence of PCBs. In the actual treatment process,
TePT and other PTs in PCB-based transformer oil are decomposed by catalytic reduction, which is used after UV irradiation.
Therefore, in the actual treatment of PCB-based transformer oil wastes, pollution due to PTs can be prevented. 相似文献
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30.
Economic evaluation of sewage treatment processes in India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sato N Okubo T Onodera T Agrawal LK Ohashi A Harada H 《Journal of environmental management》2007,84(4):447-460
This paper evaluates the total annual cost including capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and waste stabilization pond (WSP) systems operated in India. It also compares UASB and WSP systems with the activated sludge process (ASP) and biological aerated filter (BAF) systems in terms of total annual cost and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal cost by assuming various annual interest rates and land prices. It was found that the relationship between capital and O&M costs per unit size of a UASB or WSP system and its treatment capacity can be established by a first-order equation. The relation between the cost of organic removal and capital or O&M cost for various sewage treatment systems at various annual interest rates revealed that, for the Indian context, UASB could be the most suitable option in terms of expenses and treatment efficiency. 相似文献