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961.
Edward L. Avol Leonard H. Wightman William S. Linn Jack D. Hackney 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):743-745
The cause of the Yokkaichi asthma episode (1960-1969) has been analyzed. It Is concluded that the respiratory diseases were due not to sulfur dioxide but to concentrated sulfuric acid mists emitted from stacks of calciners of a titanium oxide manufacturing plant located windward of the residential area. 相似文献
962.
963.
Hans T. Karlsson Harvey S. Rosenberg 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):822-826
This is the conclusion of a 2-part article dealing with the technical aspects of lime/limestone scrubbers for coal-fired power plants, it covers instrumentation, participate removal and sludge disposal. Part I (June JAPCA) covered process chemistry and scrubber systems 相似文献
964.
S. Witz M. Smith M. Shu A. B. Moore 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):276-278
Air monitoring In the San Francisco Bay Area was carried out to measure outdoor community air concentrations of poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and mutagenlc activity (mutagenlclty) In participate organic matter (POM). Monitoring began In 1979 and Is currently conducted at six stations. PAH and mutagenlclty tests were performed on organic extracts prepared from high volume (hl-vol) filters composited every four months, by meteorological season. PAH were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection. Mutagenlclty was measured In the Ames Salmonella bloas-say using strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation. The nine-year mean concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was 0.4 ng/m3. The mutagenlcfty of this amount of BaP accounted for only about 0.2% of the observed mutagenicity In POM and other measured PAH accounted for even less. Concentrations of PAH and mutagenlclty were three to nine times higher during the winter than during other seasons. Year-to-year wintertime trends In several PAH were also seen. Early In the 1980s, winter concentrations of BaP and benzo (g,h,i)perylene Increased. However since the mld-1980’s, their concentrations have fallen. The decrease In PAH concentrations may be the result of an Increasing proportion of vehicles with relatively low organic emissions. In contrast to PAH, mutagenlcfty did not show significant year-to-year time trends. 相似文献
965.
S. Trivikrama Rao Gopal Sistla 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):645-648
Abstract The topic of global warming as a result of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is arguably the most important environmental issue that the world faces today. It is a global problem that will need to be solved on a global level. The link between anthropogenic emissions of CO2 with increased atmospheric CO2 levels and, in turn, with increased global temperatures has been well established and accepted by the world. International organizations such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have been formed to address this issue. Three options are being explored to stabilize atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global temperatures without severely and negatively impacting standard of living: (1) increasing energy efficiency, (2) switching to less carbon-intensive sources of energy, and (3) carbon sequestration. To be successful, all three options must be used in concert. The third option is the subject of this review. Specifically, this review will cover the capture and geologic sequestration of CO2 generated from large point sources, namely fossil-fuel-fired power gasification plants. Sequestration of CO2 in geological formations is necessary to meet the President’s Global Climate Change Initiative target of an 18% reduction in GHG intensity by 2012. Further, the best strategy to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of CO2 results from a multifaceted approach where sequestration of CO2 into geological formations is combined with increased efficiency in electric power generation and utilization, increased conservation, increased use of lower carbonintensity fuels, and increased use of nuclear energy and renewables. This review covers the separation and capture of CO2 from both flue gas and fuel gas using wet scrubbing technologies, dry regenerable sorbents, membranes, cryogenics, pressure and temperature swing adsorption, and other advanced concepts. Existing commercial CO2 capture facilities at electric power-generating stations based on the use of monoethanolamine are described, as is the Rectisol process used by Dakota Gasification to separate and capture CO2 from a coal gasifier. Two technologies for storage of the captured CO2 are reviewed—sequestration in deep unmineable coalbeds with concomitant recovery of CH4 and sequestration in deep saline aquifers. Key issues for both of these techniques include estimating the potential storage capacity, the storage integrity, and the physical and chemical processes that are initiated by injecting CO2 underground. Recent studies using computer modeling as well as laboratory and field experimentation are presented here. In addition, several projects have been initiated in which CO2 is injected into a deep coal seam or saline aquifer. The current status of several such projects is discussed. Included is a commercial-scale project in which a million tons of CO2 are injected annually into an aquifer under the North Sea in Norway. The review makes the case that this can all be accomplished safely with off-the-shelf technologies. However, substantial research and development must be performed to reduce the cost, decrease the risks, and increase the safety of sequestration technologies. This review also includes discussion of possible problems related to deep injection of CO2 . There are safety concerns that need to be addressed because of the possibilities of leakage to the surface and induced seismic activity. These issues are presented along with a case study of a similar incident in the past. It is clear that monitoring and verification of storage will be a crucial part of all geological sequestration practices so that such problems may be avoided. Available techniques include direct measurement of CO2 and CH4 surface soil fluxes, the use of chemical tracers, and underground 4-D seismic monitoring. Ten new hypotheses were formulated to describe what happens when CO2 is pumped into a coal seam. These hypotheses provide significant insight into the fundamental chemical, physical, and thermodynamic phenomena that occur during coal seam sequestration of CO2 . 相似文献
966.
Jay S. Jacobson 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1071-1073
Editor’s note: This paper by Dr. Jacobson was presented at the 74th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association as part of a panel discussion entitled “Acid Rain–1981: An International Issue.” The session was held on June 22, 1981, and was arranged by APCA’s TT-6 Energy-Environmental Interactions Committee. 相似文献
967.
D. F. Adams S. O. Farwell M. R. Pack E. Robinson 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1083-1089
Data are presented for the first systematic measurements of biogenic sulfur gas flux from the major soil orders within the eastern and southeastern United States. Sulfur flux samples were collected and analyzed on-site during the fall of 1977, spring and summer of 1978 and summer of 1979. A total of 27 sampling locales in 17 states were examined. Eight additional sites were visited in 1980. At some locales, two to four soils were examined, providing an even broader sampling of the soil orders. Three of the locales were revisited two or three times during the course of the study to establish the influence of seasonal climatology upon the measured emission rates and chemical composition of the sulfur flux mixtures. The sulfur gas enhancement of sulfur-free sweep air passing through dynamic emission flux chambers placed over selected sampling areas was determined by combined cryogenic enrichment sampling and wall-coated, open tubular, capillary column, cryogenic gas chromatography (WCOT/GC) using a sulfur selective, flame photometric detector (FPD). Sulfur gas mixtures varied with soil order, ambient temperature, insolation, soil moisture, cultivation, and vegetative cover. Statistical analyses indicated strong temperature and soil order relationships for sulfur emissions from soils. Fluxes ranged from 0.001 g to 1940 g of total sulfur as S/m2/yr. The calculated mean annual sulfur flux, weighted by soil order, was 0.03 g S/m2/yr for the study land area, or 110,872 metric tons (mT). The estimated annual average sulfur flux increased from 65 mT per 6400 km2 for the land grids in the northernmost east-west grid tier to an average 1800 mT for the land grids in the southern Florida grid tiers. This systematic sampling of major soils provides a much broader data base for estimating biogenic sulfur flux than previously reported for isolated intertidal sites, and presents the first sulfur flux estimates for inland soils which make up approximately 93% of the land of the eastern United States. 相似文献
968.
G. P. Greiner D. A. Furlong D. W. VanOsdell L. S. Hovis 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1125-1130
The concept of electrostatic stimulation of fabric filtration (ESFF) has been investigated at pilot scale. The pilot unit consisted of a conventional baghouse in parallel with an ESFF baghouse, allowing direct comparison. All results reported in this paper are for pulse-cleaned bags in which the electric field was maintained parallel to the fabric surface. The performance of the ESFF baghouse has been superior to the parallel conventional baghouse by several measures. The ESFF baghouse demonstrated: (1) a reduced rate of pressure drop increase during a filtration cycle, (2) lower residual pressure drop, (3) stable operation at higher face velocities, and (4) improved particle removal efficiency. These benefits can be obtained with only minor modifications to conventional pulse-jet hardware and at low electrical power consumption. The indicated ability to operate at increased face velocities with only modest expenditure for electrical hardware leads to very favorable economic projections. 相似文献
969.
R.M. Adams S.A. Hamilton B. A. McCarl 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):938-943
Past attempts to measure the economic consequences of ozone on agriculture have been based on limited plant science information. This paper reports on an economic assessment of ozone on U.S. agriculture using recent crop response data from the National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). The results are derived from a U.S. agricultural sector model that includes major crop and livestock production as well as domestic consumption, livestock feeding and export uses. The economic effects of four hypothetical ambient ozone levels are investigated. The analysis Indicates that the benefits to society of moderate (25%) ozone reductions are approximately $1.7 billion. A 25% Increase in ozone pollution results in costs (negative benefits) of $2.1 billion. These estimates do not reflect compliance costs of achieving the ozone changes and hence are not net benefits. 相似文献
970.
Lawrence P. Hanrahan Henry A. Anderson Kay A. Dally Ann D. Eckmann Marty S. Kanarek 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1164-1167
Mobile homes utilize a class of prefabricate construction techniques which rely greatly upon the use of particle board and hardwood plywood paneling for structural components. This has resulted In household sources which may emit formaldehyde into the home, since urea-formaldehyde resins are used as the bonding agent in most pressed wood stocks. A series of 137 mobile home households was investigated to determine indoor formaldehyde exposure concentrations. Homes were selected based on the estimated age of the construction components. Homes were studied serially for a nine-month period, with formaldehyde samples obtained on a monthly basis using a modified NIOSH chromotropic acid procedure. Formaldehyde concentrations were found to range from less than 0.10 ppm to 2.84 ppm. The median exposure concentration was 0.39 ppm. Analysis of variance was performed on each home to discern visit and room measurement effects. Eighty-nine percent of the homes exhibited no measurement placement effects, while only 10 percent failed to demonstrate between-visit variance effects. Regression models were constructed to predict household formaldehyde concentrations. Concentrations exhibited an inverse relationship with the age of the construction materials. A weighted least squares regression model of log of home age predicting temperature-corrected log formaldehyde explained 82 percent of the formaldehyde variation. 相似文献