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111.
112.
Comparative studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in residential air of Hangzhou (China) and Shizuoka (Japan) were conducted in summer (August, 2006) and winter (January, 2007). Total concentrations of 8 PAHs ranged from 7.1 to 320 ng/m3 and 0.15 to 35 ng/m3 in residential air of Hangzhou and Shizuoka, respectively. Air PAH concentrations in smoking houses were higher than that in nonsmoking houses. In nonsmoking houses, mothball emission and cooking practice were the emission sources of 2- and 3-ring PAHs in Hangzhou, respectively. The 2- and 3-ring PAHs were from use of insect repellent, kerosene heating and outdoor environment in nonsmoking houses in Shizuoka. The 5- and 6-ring PAHs in residential air were mainly from outdoor environment in both cities. Toxicity potencies of PAHs in residential air of Hangzhou were much higher than that in Shizuoka. 相似文献
113.
Kentaro Hayashi Takeshi TokidaToshihiro Hasegawa 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):117-123
The present study aimed to investigate the potential ammonia (NH3) emission from flag leaves of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). The study was conducted at a paddy field in central Japan that was designed as a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility for paddy rice. A dynamic chamber method was used to measure the potential NH3 emissions. The air concentrations of NH3 at two heights (2 and 6 m from the ground surface) were measured using a filter-pack method, and the exchange fluxes of NH3 of the whole paddy field were calculated using a gradient method. The flag leaves showed potential NH3 emissions of 25-38 ng N cm−2 h−1 in the daytime from the heading to the maturity stages, and they showed potentials of approximately 22 ng N cm−2 h−1, even in the nighttime, at the heading and mid-ripening stages. The exchange fluxes of NH3 of the whole paddy field in the daytime were net emissions of 0.9-3.9 g N ha−1 h−1 whereas the exchange fluxes of NH3 in the nighttime were approximately zero. 相似文献
114.
Shin-ichi Sakai Junya Yano Yasuhiro Hirai Misuzu Asari Ritsuki Yanagawa Takeshi Matsuda Hideto Yoshida Tetsuji Yamada Natsuko Kajiwara Go Suzuki Tatsuya Kunisue Shin Takahashi Keijiro Tomoda Joachim Wuttke Paul Mählitz Vera Susanne Rotter Mario Grosso Thomas Fruergaard Astrup Julian Cleary Gil-Jong Oh Lili Liu Jinhui Li Hwong-wen Ma Ngo Kim Chi Stephen Moore 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2017,19(4):1295-1313
Although the 2Rs (reduce and reuse) are considered high-priority approaches, there has not been enough quantitative research on effective 2R management. The purpose of this paper is to provide information obtained through the International Workshop in Kyoto, Japan, on 11–13 November 2015, which included invited experts and researchers in several countries who were in charge of 3R policies, and an additional review of 245 previous studies. It was found that, regarding policy development, the decoupling between environmental pressures and economy growth was recognized as an essential step towards a sustainable society. 3R and resource management policies, including waste prevention, will play a crucial role. Approaches using material/substance flow analyses have become sophisticated enough to describe the fate of resources and/or hazardous substances based on human activity and the environment, including the final sink. Life-cycle assessment has also been developed to evaluate waste prevention activities. Regarding target products for waste prevention, food loss is one of the waste fractions with the highest priority because its countermeasures have significant upstream and downstream effects. Persistent organic pollutants and hazardous compounds should also be taken into account in the situation where recycling activities are globally widespread for the promotion of a material-cycling society. 相似文献
115.
Masaki Takaoka Nobuo Takeda Takeshi Fujiwara Masato Kurata Tetsuo Kimura 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):931-940
Abstract The control of Hg emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) is very important, because more than 78% of municipal solid waste (MSW) is incinerated. The Hg content of coal used in utility boilers is relatively low in Japan. In this study, recent trends in the Hg content of MSW in Japan and activated carbon (AC) injection as a control technology of Hg emission from an MSWI are discussed. The effect of AC injection on Hg removal from flue gas in an MSWI was investigated by pilot-scale experiments using a bag filter (BF). The injection of AC increases the Hg reduction ratio by 20–30% compared with cases without AC injection. The Hg reduction ratio increases as the flue gas temperature decreases. The Hg reduction ratio is closely related to the inlet Hg concentration and was expressed with a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm. 相似文献
116.
Egawa M Aoki K Sun Y Hosokawa T Saito T Kurasaki M 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2012,47(3):196-204
Alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acids (parabens), an endocrine disrupter, are used as preservatives in cosmetics and foods. In this study, to understand the relationship between parabens and differentiation in infants, the effects of parabens on apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in PC12 cells were investigated. In addition, apoptosis-related factors were assayed. As results, a tendency toward enhancement of apoptosis was observed in the cells cultured in the serum-free medium with methylparaben, and this tendency was suggested to be related to the contents of BAD, a pro-apoptotic protein. Butylparaben did not show any tendency to enhance apoptosis. 相似文献
117.
Kazuya Yasuhara Hideo Komine Hiromune Yokoki Takeshi Suzuki Nobuo Mimura Makoto Tamura Guangqi Chen 《Sustainability Science》2011,6(2):219-232
Humanity faces an increasing possibility that unusual and extreme natural disasters will increase, compounded with climate
change, including global warming. These compound events are designated as compounded natural hazards in this study. A methodology
must be developed for predicting what events and risks will confront future societies, to propose countermeasures and adaptation
strategies against these events, and to evaluate the influences of compound disasters on infrastructure which is particularly
situated near coasts and rivers. Based on the above-stated background and demands, this study was undertaken with the intention
of upgrading the methodology for estimating effects on infrastructure of compound events such as increased typhoon and rainfall
severity caused by global warming occurring concurrently with a great earthquake in Japan. Such a methodology is expected
to contribute to progress in the fields of natural disaster mitigation and land preservation, particularly benefiting coastal
and river areas in Japan. Additionally in this study, risk and economic loss analyses for the possible occurrence of compound
disasters for coastal infrastructure and foundations are produced for establishing environmental strategies at the governmental
level. The authors further propose adaptation strategies and techniques as countermeasures against these events. 相似文献
118.
Suzuki Y Nakamura M Otsuka Y Suzuki N Ohyama K Kawakami T Sato K Kajita S Hishiyama S Fujii T Takahashi A Katayama Y 《Chemosphere》2011,83(6):868-872
We characterized the ability of the cell free extract from polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins degrading bacterium Geobacillus sp. UZO 3 to reduce even highly chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins such as octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in incineration fly ash. The degradation of 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,7-DCDD) as a model dioxin catalyzed by the cell free extract from this strain implicates that the ether bonds of 2,7-DCDD molecule undergo reductive cleavage, since 4′,5-dichloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether and 4-chlorophenol were detected as intermediate products of 2,7-DCDD degradation. 相似文献
119.
Takeuchi M Kawabe Y Watanabe E Oiwa T Takahashi M Nanba K Kamagata Y Hanada S Ohko Y Komai T 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2011,124(1-4):14-24
In order to determine whether natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes by microbial activity occurs in aquitards, sediments at a site contaminated with tetrachloroethene were vertically studied by drilling. The distribution of microbes (Dehalococcoides group and anaerobic hydrogen producers) and the ability of the sediments to sustain microbial dechlorination were determined in an aquitard as well as in an aquifer. Close-spaced sampling revealed the existence of large populations of Dehalococcoides and H(2)-producing bacteria, especially in the organic-rich clayey aquitard rather than in the aquifer. The vinyl chloride reductase gene was also detected in the clay layer. Furthermore, incubation experiments indicated that the clay sediment could sustain transformations of tetrachloroethene at least to vinyl chloride. In contrast, no significant transformation was observed in the aquifer sand. Our results indicate that dechlorination of tetrachloroethene by bacteria can take place in an organic-rich clayey aquitard, and that organic-rich clay may also be important in the natural attenuation in an adjacent aquifer, possibly supplying a carbon source or an electron donor. 相似文献
120.
In order to develop a sound material-cycle society, cost-effective municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems are required for the municipalities in the context of the integrated accounting system for MSW management. Firstly, this paper attempts to establish an integrated cost-benefit analysis (CBA) framework for evaluating the effectiveness of MSW management systems. In this paper, detailed cost/benefit items due to waste problems are particularly clarified. The stakeholders of MSW management systems, including the decision-makers of the municipalities and the citizens, are expected to reconsider the waste problems in depth and thus take wise actions with the aid of the proposed CBA framework. Secondly, focusing on the financial cost, this study develops a generalized methodology to evaluate the financial cost-effectiveness of MSW management systems, simultaneously considering the treatment technological levels and policy effects. The impacts of the influencing factors on the annual total and average financial MSW operation and maintenance (O&M) costs are analyzed in the Taiwanese case study with a demonstrative short-term future projection of the financial costs under scenario analysis. The established methodology would contribute to the evaluation of the current policy measures and to the modification of the policy design for the municipalities. 相似文献