Preparation and Fundamental Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystal from Oil Palm Fronds Biomass

The objective of this work was to isolate cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) from oil palm fronds (Elaeis guineensis) and its subsequent characterization. Isolation involves sodium hydroxide/anthraquinone pulping with mechanical refining followed by total chlorine free bleaching (includes oxygen delignification, hydrogen peroxide oxidation and peracetic acid treatment) before acid hydrolysis. Bleaching significantly decreased kappa number and increased α-cellulose percentage of fibers as confirmed by Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry standards. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that acid hydrolysis along with bleaching improved crystallinity index and thermal stability of the extracted nanocrystals. It was observed that CNC maintained its cellulose 1 polymorph despite hydrolysis treatment. Mean diameter as observed by TEM and average fiber aspect ratio of obtained CNC was 7.44 ± 0.17 nm and 16.53 ± 3.52, respectively making it suitable as a reinforcing material for nanocomposite.     

Small towns in the united states: a perspective

Small towns are an important part of the rural settlement fabric in the United States, but there is very little substantive research into their capacity to survive or their intrinsic importance. However, recently there has been increasing interest shown by social scientists in these problems. This paper looks at features of this research from the point of view of the population and economic structure of small towns. It concludes by arguing that the problems of small towns are not indigenous to the towns, and calls for a comprehensive national urban policy.     

Genetic amniocentesis following multifetal pregnancy reduction to twins: Assessing the risk

Fifty-three patients who elected to reduce their pregnancies to a twin gestation in our centre are known to have subsequently undergone genetic amniocentesis. Five of these patients lost their entire pregnancy following the genetic amniocentesis procedure. This is equivalent to a 9·4 per cent pregnancy loss rate for reduced twin gestations in comparison with an expected loss rate of 2 per cent for non-reduced twin gestations.     

Evaluation of the gene expression changes in Nile tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis>) as affected by the bio-removal of toxic textile dyes from aqueous solution in small-scale bioreactor

A laboratory-scale bioremediation unit was designed, built and tested for the bio-removal of several Direct textile dyes. Four experiments were carried out to assess the efficiency of the bioremediation unit using Aspergillus niger fungal strain. Three commonly used Direct dyes and textile dyes mixture (simulated effluent: Direct brown, Direct violet, Direct green) were tested in this study. The strain of A. niger was efficient in the removal of the three Direct dyes. The decolorization percentages of the dyes after 24 h of incubation were 56.2, 51.7, and 95.4% for Direct brown, Direct green, Direct violet dyes, respectively. The percentages increased up to 79.4, 86.4, and 96.7% after 72 h of incubation for the same dyes, respectively. The results also showed that the fungal strain reduced the chemical oxygen demand values of simulated dye effluents from 165 to 564 mg/l with most of the dyes. The assessment of bioremediation products on biomodel was conducted using a fresh water fish. The liver and brain of Nile tilapia were tested to evaluate the expression of genes coding for several proteins related to stress such as metallothioneins (MTs), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and heat shock proteins (HSPs). To assess the alterations in the gene expression, ten animals from each group were killed after 4 weeks of treatment. The results revealed significant increases in the brain and hepatic mRNA levels of all stress protein genes MT, CYP450, Hsp70a, b, and Hsp47 in the fish groups treated with industrial Direct violet, green, and brown dye water. Exposure of tilapia to bioremediation products after treatment with A. niger fungi reduced the over-expression of the stress protein genes in the brain and liver tissues.     

美术课堂优化与个性化培养方法

当今美术教育提倡学生个性的发展,而个性化发展是在美术教育中的一个突出特点。创设愉悦的教学氛围,优化课堂设计、培养学习兴趣,是在美术教学中促进学生个性化发展的基本路径。巧妙运用评价语言去鼓励学生、根据学生实际情况因材施教、完善教学评价体系,彰显学生个性才能更好地提高美术教学的教学效率和教学质量,使学生的个性得到更好发展。     

Heavy metal contamination from mining sites in South Morocco: Monitoring metal content and toxicity of soil runoff and groundwater

The aim of the present work is the assessment of metal toxicity in runoff, in their contaminated soils and in the groundwater sampled from two mining areas in the region of Marrakech using a microbial bioassay MetPLATE™. This bioassay is based on the specific inhibition of the β-galactosidase enzyme of a mutant strain of Escherichia coli, by the metallic pollutants. The stream waters from all sampling stations in the two mines were all very toxic and displayed percent enzyme inhibition exceeding 87% except SWA₄ and SWB₁ stations in mine C. Their high concentrations of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) confirm the acute toxicity shown by MetPLATE. The pH of stream waters from mine B and C varied between 2.1 and 6.2 and was probably responsible for metal mobilization, suggesting a problem of acid mine drainage in these mining areas. The bioassay MetPLATE™ was also applied to mine tailings and to soils contaminated by the acidic waters. The results show that the high toxicity of these soils and tailings was mainly due to the relatively concentration of soluble Zn and Cu. The use of MetPLATE™ in groundwater toxicity testing shows that, most of the samples exhibited low metal toxicity (2.7–45.5% inhibition) except GW3 of the mine B (95.3% inhibition during the wet season and 82.9% inhibition during the dry season). This high toxicity is attributed to the higher than usual concentrations of Cu (189 μg Cu l⁻¹) and Zn (1505 μg Zn l⁻¹). These results show the potential risk of the contamination of different ecosystems situated to the vicinity of these two metalliferous sites. The general trend observed was an increase in metal toxicity measured by the MetPLATE with increasing total and mobile metal concentrations in the studied matrices. Therefore, the MetPLATE bioassay is a reliable and fast bioassay to estimate the metals toxicity in the aquatic and solids samples.