舟曲＂8.7＂泥石流的特征及其防治措施初探

2010年8月7日晚,舟曲县城发生特大泥石流灾害,导致了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失.文章从地质构造、地形地貌、新构造运动与地震、气象和水系水文条件等五方面阐述了舟曲县自然环境整体背景,并分析了此次＂8.7＂泥石流形成的地形、物源和水源条件,总结了＂8.7＂泥石流的特征.在此基础上,为舟曲灾后重建提出了工程措施与生态措施相结合的防治建议.     

建筑施工扬尘特征与监控指标

建筑施工活动引起的扬尘是我国城市空气颗粒物污染的重要来源,选择天津市一处典型的建筑施工工地作为研究对象,分施工阶段对环境空气PM10、尘源样品和降尘等进行了系统监测实验,得到了建筑扬尘的成分谱(元素、离子和碳组分)和尘源样品的粒径分布.结果表明,建筑施工扬尘的污染特点和化学组成特征与具体施工阶段、施工操作和建筑材料等密切相关.通过采集工地周边的降尘,发现利用降尘可以作为工地扬尘的监控指标.     

上海暴雨涝害和叶菜损失综合评估模型及其应用

从上海夏秋制约蔬菜生产的主要气象灾害暴雨雨涝及影响机制入手，通过对叶菜不同生长期及淹水时间处理的正交逆态试验，建立叶菜淹水损失模型；在菜区主要土壤人工模拟暴雨渗流试验基础上，应用旱地水量平衡原理，通过菜区各地入渗、径流及排涝能力的分析计算，进行淹水程度估算；根据气象条件对叶菜生长动态变化的影响规律，建立叶龄估算式。最后，通过对空间点赋值及数据属性的识别和综合运算，生成雨涝淹水程度及叶菜损失等级统计表和分布图。经１９９７年７月１０～１１日暴雨的模拟验证，取得较好效果。该定量评估方法，为暴雨后快速、直观、客观地提供上海菜区淹水状况分布与叶菜损失率等灾情信息提供了可能。     

基于分类的张家港市生活垃圾典型处置情景环境效益分析

为系统揭示生活垃圾分类和末端处置匹配对全过程管理环境效益的改善,按照张家港市日均生活垃圾产量1850 t计,基于生命周期评价方法和实测垃圾组分数据,通过测算污染物排放的直接总环境影响潜值和电能回收量折算后的总环境影响潜值,分析和预测了垃圾分类典型情况和不同末端处置能力匹配情景下的张家港市生活垃圾处置环境效益.垃圾分类后厨余垃圾的平均厨余组分质量占比（厨余垃圾纯度,95%）较未分类小区（66%）提高了29个百分点,其他垃圾中的厨余组分质量占比（41%）则降低了25个百分点.末端处置能力现状情景下,厨余垃圾分出量为150 t·d^-1时,直接总环境影响潜值随厨余垃圾纯度提高逐渐降低,较垃圾未分类时（3.41×10^-10,以PET₂₀₀₀计,下同）减少约10%;厨余垃圾分出量大于150 t·d^-1时,厨余垃圾分出量和纯度不断提高,分流厨余垃圾的填埋处置将导致污染排放增多,直接总环境影响潜值逐渐增加.生活垃圾处置环境效益的提升不仅依靠分类效果的改善,也依靠末端处置能力的匹配.末端处置能力规划情景下,生活垃圾分类后直接总环境影响潜值（1.73×10^-10~2.40×10^-10）均低于末端处置能力现状情景.厨余垃圾处置能力充足,相同厨余垃圾纯度下,直接总环境影响潜值随厨余垃圾分出量增加而降低.末端处置能力现状情景下电能回收量折算后的总环境影响潜值为-0.89×10^-10~-0.39×10^-10,高于末端处置能力规划情景（-2.13×10^-10~-1.82×10^-10）.结果表明,末端处置能力按规划扩建后,垃圾分类效果持续提升利于提高全过程管理的环境效益.从全过程角度协同提升垃圾分类效果与末端处置能力匹配程度,能有力改善环境效益.     

湘南4个矿区稻田As污染状况的初步调查

通过实地调查以及土壤和水稻样品分析,研究了湘南郴州柿竹园铅锌矿、郴州界牌岭锡多金属矿、衡阳水口山有色金属矿、衡阳龙王山金矿4个矿区稻田的As污染状况.结果表明:4个矿区的稻田土壤和水稻植株均已受到严重的As污染.矿区稻田土壤As含量范围为30.0～225.7mg·kg-1,超过国家土壤环境质量3级标准;水稻根系、秸秆、谷壳、糙米As含量范围分别为115.6～588.2、4.19～20.88、1.388～5.374、0.214～0.892mg·kg-1,除部分糙米样品外,均超过我国食品中As限量卫生标准.矿区稻田土壤同时受到As和重金属的复合污染,综合污染指数(P)范围为0.76～13.12.矿区稻田的As污染主要由矿产的开采和冶炼造成,其中,水口山有色金属矿区和龙王山金矿区As污染以及As和重金属复合污染最为严重,柿竹园铅锌矿区污染面积较大,界牌岭锡多金属矿区由于发生过地质灾害改变了地表面貌,污染情况更为复杂.     

Differences in distributions,assembly mechanisms,and putative interactions of AOB and NOB at a large spatial scale

● Nitrifiers in WWTP were investigated at large spatial scale. ● AOB populations varied greatly but NOB populations were similar among cities. ● Drift dominated both AOB and NOB assembling processes. ● DO did not show a significant effect on NOB. ● NOB tended to cooperate with AOB and non-nitrifying microorganisms. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) play crucial roles in removing nitrogen from sewage in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to protect water resources. However, the differences in ecological properties and putative interactions of AOB and NOB in WWTPs at a large spatial scale remain unclear. Hence, 132 activated sludge (AS) samples collected from 11 cities across China were studied by utilizing 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. Results indicated that Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira accounted for similar ratios of the AOB community and might play nearly equal roles in ammonia oxidation in AS. However, Nitrospira greatly outnumbered other NOB genera, with proportions varying from 94.7% to 99.9% of the NOB community in all WWTPs. Similar compositions and, hence, a low distance–decay turnover rate of NOB (0.035) across China were observed. This scenario might have partly resulted from the high proportions of homogenizing dispersal (~13%). Additionally, drift presented dominant roles in AOB and NOB assembling mechanisms (85.2% and 81.6% for AOB and NOB, respectively). The partial Mantel test illustrated that sludge retention time and temperature were the primary environmental factors affecting AOB and NOB communities. Network results showed that NOB played a leading role in maintaining module structures and node connections in AS. Moreover, most links between NOB and other microorganisms were positive, indicating that NOB were involved in complex symbioses with bacteria in AS.     

巢湖东湖区入湖河流的水生植被群落结构和区系特征及其与环境因子的关系

采用野外调查方法结合典范对应分析(CCA),研究了巢湖东部湖区的入湖河道水生植被的群落结构特征和区系特征及其与环境因子的相关性.结果表明:共发现常见水生植物物种63种,隶属于28科54属,其中沉水植物4种,漂浮植物3种,浮叶植物2种,挺水植物10种,湿生植物44种.区系分析发现该区域的水生植被呈现隐域性和热带向北温带过渡的亚热带特征,植物种属主要以世界分布属和北温带分布属为主,其次是泛热带分布属,分别占总数的35.19%、31.48%和12.96%;这54属水生植物的地理分布区类型共有中国种子植物所占的15个分布区类型中的10个,而缺少5个地理分布区类型.入侵种空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)分布广泛,河道呈现一定程度的堵塞状态;沉水植物物种则趋于单一化和分布面积狭小,尤其在水体污染严重的区域(如:双桥河流域和小柘皋河下游)几近衰退.CCA分析表明巢湖东部湖区入湖河道水生植物的空间分布主要受水体理化指标影响,而非水深的影响.总之,巢湖东部湖区入湖河道水质污染加重,水生植物群落结构极不合理、地理成分复杂程度偏低且具有明显的隐域性,沿河村镇的污水处理以及保护与恢复水生植物尤其沉水植物类群迫在眉睫.     

Comparison of carbonyl compounds emissions from diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel

The characteristics of carbonyl compounds emissions were investigated on a direct injection, turbocharged diesel engine fueled with pure biodiesel derived from soybean oil. The gas-phase carbonyls were collected by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated silica cartridges from diluted exhaust and analyzed by HPLC with UV detector. A commercial standard mixture including 14 carbonyl compounds was used for quantitative analysis. The experimental results indicate that biodiesel-fueled engine almost has triple carbonyls emissions of diesel-fueled engine. The weighted carbonyls emission of 8-mode test cycle of biodiesel is 90.8 mg (kW h)^?1 and that of diesel is 30.7 mg (kW h)^?1. The formaldehyde is the most abundant compound of carbonyls for both biodiesel and diesel, taking part for 46.2% and 62.7% respectively. The next most significant compounds are acetaldehyde, acrolein and acetone for both fuels. The engine fueled with biodiesel emits a comparatively high content of propionaldehyde and methacrolein. Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has lower specific reactivity (SR) caused by carbonyls compared with diesel. When fueled with biodiesel, carbonyl compounds make more contribution to total hydrocarbon emission.     

Adsorption and redox reactions of heavy metals on synthesized Mn oxide minerals

Several Mn oxide minerals commonly occurring in soils were synthesized by modified or optimized methods. The morphologies, structures, compositions and surface properties of the synthesized Mn oxide minerals were characterized. Adsorption and redox reactions of heavy metals on these minerals in relation to the mineral structures and surface properties were also investigated. The synthesized birnessite, todorokite, cryptomelane, and hausmannite were single-phased minerals and had the typical morphologies from analyses of XRD and TEM/ED. The PZCs of the synthesized birnessite, todorokite and cryptomelane were 1.75, 3.50 and 2.10, respectively. The magnitude order of their surface variable negative charge was: birnessite> or =cryptomelane>todorokite. The hausmannite had a much higher PZC than others with the least surface variable negative charge. Birnessite exhibited the largest adsorption capacity on heavy metals Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Co(2+), Cd(2+) and Zn(2+), while hausmannite the smallest one. Birnessite, cryptomelane and todorokite showed the greatest adsorption capacity on Pb(2+) among the tested heavy metals. Hydration tendency (pK(1)) of the heavy metals and the surface variable charge of the Mn minerals had significant impacts on the adsorption. The ability in Cr(III) oxidation and concomitant release of Mn(2+) varied greatly depending on the structure, composition, surface properties and crystallinity of the minerals. The maximum amounts of Cr(III) oxidized by the Mn oxide minerals in order were (mmol/kg): birnessite (1330.0)>cryptomelane (422.6)>todorokite (59.7)>hausmannite (36.6).     

臭氧/ 生物活性炭深度处理循环养殖废水

随着工厂化循环水养殖的不断发展,高浓度循环养殖废水对环境污染日益严重.为实现环境友好和资源节约,采用臭氧/生物活性炭对循环养殖废水进行深度处理中试研究.实验结果表明,臭氧化臭氧最佳投加量为4 mg/L,显著增强水体的可生化性,使TOC(总有机碳)/UV254(在波长为254 nm处的单位比色皿光程下的紫外吸光度)提高80%.臭氧/生物活性炭对循环养殖废水中的有机物和氨氮具有良好的去除效果.臭氧/生物活性炭对TOC、高锰酸盐指数和UV254的最终去除率比生物活性炭分别高11.9%、13.4%和6.5%.臭氧/生物活性炭和生物活性炭对氨氮的最终去除率分别为96.0%、90.7%.