ABR-生物滴滤池组合工艺处理农村生活污水

采用ABR-生物滴滤池组合工艺,研究在水力停留时间为3 d、滴滤池水力负荷为5 m3/（m2·d）的条件下,组合工艺对生活污水中主要污染物的去除效果、滴滤池内部污染物浓度变化和微生物的沿程分布规律。实验结果表明,组合工艺对COD、TN、NH＋4-N和TP的平均去除率分别可达73%、32%、58%和30%;滴滤池内各层污染物浓度除TP在中层略有升高外,其余均沿程逐渐降低。滴滤池底层对各种污染物的去除能力均较强,原因是果壳活性炭填料较强的截留吸附能力以及底层微生物优势菌属较好的降解作用。总氮的去除依靠滴滤池内填料的物理化学作用和微生物同步硝化反硝化作用,其中微生物作用约占60%,成为脱氮的主要途径。     

双频超声/臭氧联用处理硝基苯类制药废水研究

采用臭氧单独氧化、单频超声协同臭氧、双频超声协同臭氧氧化处理硝基苯类制药废水,考察了废水初始pH值、臭氧通入量、超声波频率及功率等因素对处理效果的影响。优化出双频超声协同臭氧处理硝基苯制药废水的最佳处理条件,经处理后的水质能达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的一级排放标准.     

Top-down法计算中国五氯酚钠消费分布

为履行<关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约>,中国将逐渐淘汰POPs的生产和使用,环境介质中POPs浓度监测和处置是履约工作的重要部分,而其消费分布的研究可以为监测和模型计算找出重点区域.采用Top-down法,根据当年全国的五氯酚钠消费,以药物灭螺面积、钉螺面积、血吸虫病流行村数等为替代数据,计算了各省份的五氯酚钠消费分布,并进一步计算出省内各市级地区的五氯酚钠消费分布.从2003年的计算结果来看,五氯酚钠消费最大的是湖北省和湖南省,两省五氯酚钠消费占到全国总消费的72.62%.最主要的地区是湖北省荆州市和湖南省岳阳市、常德市、益阳市,分别占全国总消费的15.25%、12.78%、11.72%、9.89%,总和占到全国总消费的49.64%,上述地区将成为今后研究和监测的重点区域.     

沈阳城市可持续发展水平的生态足迹分析

城市地域的可持续发展必须以生态的可持续发展为前提,而生态足迹计算模型可以通过比较人类对生态环境的影响程度与区域生态承栽力之间的平衡程度来衡量的生态可持续发展状态。本文在介绍生态足迹的理论和计算模型的基础之上,对沈阳市2002年的生态可持续发展状态进行了实例计算和分析,结果表明沈阳市2002年的人均生态赤字为1．21hm^2,其城市生态处于非可持续发展状态,城市发展正以消耗自身生态资源和转移生态压力作为代价。     

Ti-Ce系列催化剂上乙酸的催化湿式氧化反应

采用Ti-Ce系列湿式氧化催化剂,研究模型反应物乙酸在催化湿式氧化反应中的动力学影响因素以及反应过程产物.结果表明,乙酸的催化湿式氧化受到催化剂用量、反应温度、反应体系酸度以及氧分压的影响较大.当反应温度230℃,氧分压2～2.5MPa,催化剂量5g/L,反应液初始pH3.0时,反应1h后即可使乙酸浓度(以COD计)去除率在90%以上.通过离子色谱,检测了反应过程中的甲酸中间体,结果表明,催化剂的存在不仅加速了湿式氧化反应速率,而且也改变了反应历程.     

Influence factors for the oxidation of pyrite by oxygen and birnessite in aqueous systems

The oxidation of exposed pyrite causes acid mine drainage, soil acidification, and the release of toxic metal ions. As the important abiotic oxidants in supergene environments, oxygen and manganese oxides participate in the oxidation of pyrite. In this work, the oxidation processes of natural pyrite by oxygen and birnessite were studied in simulated systems, and the influence of pH, Fe(II) and Cr(III) on the intermediates and redox rate was investigated. SO₄^2 − and elemental S were formed as the major and minor products, respectively, during the oxidation processes. Ferric (hydr) oxides including Fe(OH)₃ and goethite were formed with low degree of crystallinity. Low pH and long-term reaction facilitated the formation of goethite and ferric hydroxide, respectively. The rate of pyrite oxidation by birnessite was enhanced in the presence of air (oxygen), and Fe(II) ions played a key role in the redox process. The addition of Fe(II) ions to the reaction system significantly enhanced the oxidation rate of pyrite; however, the presence of Cr(III) ions remarkably decreased the pyrite oxidation rate in aqueous systems. The introduction of Fe(II) ions to form a Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple facilitated the electron transfer and accelerated the oxidation rate of pyrite. The present work suggests that isolation from air and decreasing the concentration of Fe(II) ions in aqueous solutions might be effective strategies to reduce the oxidation rate of pyrite in mining soils.     

济南市环境空气中TSP和PM10来源解析研究

于1999—2000年在济南市5个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀),用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM₁₀的来源。结果表明,各主要源类对TSP的贡献率依次为:扬尘34%,煤烟尘25%,土壤风沙尘18%,机动车尾气尘6%,建筑水泥尘2%,其他15%;对PM₁₀的贡献率依次为:扬尘30%,煤烟尘27%,土壤风沙尘15%,机动车尾气尘9%,建筑水泥尘3%,其他16%。      

High NO2/NOx emissions downstream of the catalytic diesel particulate filter: An influencing factor study

Diesel vehicles are responsible for most of the traffic-related nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, including nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The use of after-treatment devices increases the risk of high NO₂/NO_x emissions from diesel engines. In order to investigate the factors influencing NO₂/NO_x emissions, an emission experiment was carried out on a high pressure common-rail, turbocharged diesel engine with a catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF). NO₂ was measured by a non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzer with raw exhaust sampling. The experimental results show that the NO₂/NO_x ratios downstream of the CDPF range around 20%–83%, which are significantly higher than those upstream of the CDPF. The exhaust temperature is a decisive factor influencing the NO₂/NO_x emissions. The maximum NO₂/NO_x emission appears at the exhaust temperature of 350°C. The space velocity, engine-out PM/NO_x ratio (mass based) and CO conversion ratio are secondary factors. At a constant exhaust temperature, the NO₂/NO_x emissions decreased with increasing space velocity and engine-out PM/NO_x ratio. When the CO conversion ratios range from 80% to 90%, the NO₂/NO_x emissions remain at a high level.     

中国一些岩类中硒的比较研究

用荧光分光光度法分析了114个岩样和陆架沉积物中的微量硒.样品基本覆盖我国地表主要岩类.硒在样本空间呈不规则多重全域分布,经模式校正,所得岩浆岩硒值高于美国标准岩样,而沉积岩硒值明显偏低,据此推算了硒的区域丰度值以及我国地表成土母质硒含量的阈值下限.     

建筑施工扬尘排放因子定量模型研究及应用

选择天津某建筑施工工地,现场采集大气中PM10、气象、路面积尘及机动车数等数据,并确定施工扬尘排放的主要影响因素.利用FDM模型,计算施工扬尘排放因子,将计算得到的扬尘排放因子和各影响因素进行非线性拟合,建立施工扬尘PM10排放因子定量模型,并结合ISC3模型,模拟计算2003年11~12月间,天津市建筑施工过程中的PM10排放浓度.结果表明,施工产生的PM10平均浓度为20.3μg/m3,占大气PM10浓度的13.3%.