A superstructure model for the synthesis of single-contaminant water networks with partitioning regenerators

This paper presents a novel superstructure-based optimization model for the synthesis of industrial water networks with partitioning regenerators. Such regenerators function by splitting a contaminated water stream into a regenerated lean stream and a low-quality reject stream. Membrane separation-based processes are examples of these types of regenerators. The optimization model presented in this work integrates a single, centralized partitioning regenerator with a source–demand superstructure under the assumption that the processes within the plant are of the fixed flow rate type. The formulation is non-linear as a result of the presence of bilinear terms in the regenerator balance equations, but global optimal solutions can be found using commercial software. The features of the model are illustrated by solving case studies from the literature. It is notable from these examples that considerable design flexibility exists in networks of this type, since potentially both the lean and reject streams from the partitioning regenerator can be reused/recycled within the plant.     

超声破解吸持稠油粘土颗粒的研究

在频率为28 kHz的超声辐照下,研究了超声作用功率和辐照时间对石油污染土壤淋洗液中吸持稠油粘土颗粒的破解作用,并采用GC/MS分析了超声辐照时间对淋洗液中特征有机物的影响。结果表明,随着超声作用功率和辐照时间的增加,粘土颗粒吸持的稠油显著下降,辐照时间为45 min,作用功率为100 W时,粘土颗粒吸持稠油的解吸率为7925%;作用功率为60 W,辐照时间为75 min时,粘土颗粒吸持稠油的解吸率为77.36%。超声波能够显著增加解吸稠油在水中的溶解率,辐照时间为45 min,作用功率为80 W时,水相含油率升高92%;当作用功率为60 W,辐照时间为75 min时,水相含油率升高近1倍。随着超声辐照时间的增加,极性相对较强的环烷酮类有机物的相对丰度随之增加,极性相对较弱的环烷二酮类有机物相对丰度则显著减小。超声波有利于异位化学淋洗在高含粘土颗粒石油污染土壤修复中的应用。     

石灰湿法脱硫传质－反应过程机理

对以旋流板塔作吸收器的石灰湿法烟气脱硫技术进行了试验研究。分析了为浆液吸收ＳＯ２的传质－反应过程，并提出了Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２浆液吸收ＳＯ２的传质－反应过程机理。本机理认为，总反应速度由气相中ＳＯ２的扩散（气相阻力）和液相中Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２固体的溶解（包括在液相阻力之内）及扩散控制；同时认为，反应过程可分为气相阻力控制、所液共同控制、液相阻力控制３个阶段。此外，本机得到了实验的验证。以上结果将有助于改进为     

含镉工业污水对农田污染的防治和土地利用——生态农业工程初探

在沈阳张士灌区采用综合方法治理镉污染农田。在中度和轻度污染土壤种植水稻,控制灌溉水质(Cd~2+<2PPb,PH>7,Cl-<100ppm)或以清水灌溉,在重污染区,采用农业生态工程改良方法如农业改良(繁育水稻、玉米良种),繁育绿化苗木和草皮、种植甜高梁提取酒精。结果表明,农业生态工程方法是合理利用和改良严重镉污染农田的良好途径。     

Determination of VOCs in groundwater at an industrial contamination site using a homemade low-density polyethylene passive diffusion sampler

A home-made inexpensive passive diffusion bag （PDB） sampler, prepared by filling deionized water in low-density polyethylene （LDPE） tubes, was evaluated for volatile organic compounds （VOC） sampling in groundwater at industrial contamination sites. Impacts of environmentally relevant conditions on the sampling equilibration time and partitioning of VOCs between the sampler and the water sample were investigated. Sample salinity, agitation and temperature can influence the equilibration time, but generally sampling equilibration was obtained in 14 days under real field sampling of VOCs in groundwater. Both laboratory study and field testing in a contaminated site showed that the VOC concentrations in the developed sampler were equal to those in the water samples at equitibrium. Coupled with a purge and trap concentrator-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （P＆T-GC-MS）, the developed PDB sampler provided a low-cost sampling device for routine monitoring of VOCs in groundwater in wells, with LODs in the range of 2.9-10 μg/L. The proposed PDB was applied to determine VOCs in groundwater at an industrial contamination site, and the present results agreed well with those determined using conventional pump-and-sample monitoring. All the studied 13 VOCs were tested in the four wells in the industrial contamination sites, with their concentrations in the range of 12-73660 μg/L. In addition, while benzene and toluene were heavily contaminated up to a maximum concentration of 74000 μg/L and 6000 μg/L, respectively, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and bromobenzene had relatively low contamination levels （below 25 μg/L）.     

遥感与GIS辅助下的非点源模型空间参数提取

非点源模型的应用面临着数据收集和管理困难等难题，本文以SWAT模型在芦溪小流域的应用为例，阐述了遥感与GIS技术在非点源研究中的应用，主要包括利用TM影像提取土地利用信息，利用GIS进行插值，划分子流域和信息提取。研究表明，遥感与GIS能够在相当程度上解决非点源模型应用中的数据收集、分析和管理困难。遥感能经济快速获取空间信息。GIS在空间数据综合分析、空间数据的插值中发挥着重要作用。建议在今后的研究工作中加强研究空间数据对非点源模型模拟结果的误差传递。     

全球变暖对上海和广州人群死亡数的可能影响

研究表明，最高气温达到３４℃以上的“热日”死亡数显著增加，“热日多出死亡数”占夏季总死亡数的百分率，上海为４．２％，广州为３．８％。广州人对热压力的适应性比上海人强。如果上海和广州未来温升不到１℃，冬夏死亡效变化不大；如温升几度，夏季死亡数上升，超过冬季死亡数的下降，全年死亡率增高。     

旋流板塔钠强化石灰石湿式烟气脱硫研究

向石灰石脱硫浆液中添加硫酸钠可提高脱硫率。以旋流板塔为吸收器,测定了钠强化石灰石湿式烟气脱硫过程的脱硫率、pH值等随脱硫反应时间的变化情况,对不同pH值范围内的石灰石溶解速率等进行了分析。在与工业操作温度相近的条件下,测定了不同塔板数时的脱硫率和塔压降,计算了平均单板效率。结果表明,增加塔板数,脱硫率提高,而平均单板效率减小,实验条件下,塔板数由1增加到4,液气比为4L／m^3时脱硫率由25．5％提高到48．6％,而平均单板效率则由25．5％下降到15．3％。得出了平均单板效率与塔板数之间的关系式。     

大骨节病病情下降与环境因素的定位研究

１９８７年４月－１９８９年９月对内蒙三个大骨节病村进行了随诊观察，结果表明，大骨节病病情逐年下降，人体硒营养水平相应提高，病情与硒营养水平之间呈显负相关，每日由外源性食物中摄取的硒与病情呈显负相关，而由当地产粮，菜中摄取的硒与情呈显正相关。由肉蛋类食物中摄取与病情呈显负相关，生态环境中的硒基本无变化，增加外源性高硒食物输入病区和改变病区食物构成是控制硒反应性疾病的主要途径。     

美欧环境内分泌干扰物研究框架

欧美于20世纪90年代开始系统研究环境内分泌干扰物（EDs)，为此成立了专门的工作机构负责EDs研究的规划与协调工作。研究框架包括确认EDs对人类和生态效应的方法，剂量一效应关系模型以及检测环境暴露水平等。研究对环境威胁最大受试物的主要毒理学终点有致癌性，生殖发育毒性，神经毒性和免疫毒性，目前危险评价的新进展是应用定量结构活性关系（QSAR）模型预测化学物的安全性。