Cross-boundary transport and source apportionment for PM2.5 in a typical industrial city in the Hebei Province, China: A modeling study

Cross-boundary transport of air pollution is a difficult issue in pollution control for the North China Plain. In this study, an industrial district (Shahe City) with a large glass manufacturing sector was investigated to clarify the relative contribution of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) to the city's high levels of pollution. The Nest Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), paired with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), was adopted and applied with a spatial resolution of 5 km. During the study period, the mean mass concentrations of PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂ were observed to be 132.0, 76.1, and 55.5 μg/m³, respectively. The model reproduced the variations in pollutant concentrations in Shahe at an acceptable level. The simulation of online source-tagging revealed that pollutants emitted within a 50-km radius of downtown Shahe contributed 63.4% of the city's total PM_2.5 concentration. This contribution increased to 73.9±21.2% when unfavorable meteorological conditions (high relative humidity, weak wind, and low planetary boundary layer height) were present; such conditions are more frequently associated with severe pollution (PM_2.5 ≥ 250 μg/m³). The contribution from Shahe was 52.3±21.6%. The source apportionment results showed that industry (47%), transportation (10%), power (17%), and residential (26%) sectors were the most important sources of PM_2.5 in Shahe. The glass factories (where chimney stack heights were normally < 70 m) in Shahe contributed 32.1% of the total PM_2.5 concentration in Shahe. With an increase in PM_2.5 concentration, the emissions from glass factories accumulated vertically and narrowed horizontally. At times when pollution levels were severe, the horizontally influenced area mainly covered Shahe. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicated that reducing emissions by 20%, 40%, and 60% could lead to a decrease in the mass concentration of PM_2.5 of of 12.0%, 23.8%, and 35.5%, respectively.     

磺胺嘧啶和盐酸四环素对四种赤潮藻生长的影响

本文以锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）、米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）、球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）、中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）为研究对象,实验室条件下对比研究了磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶钠（SMS）和盐酸四环素（TC）暴露下4种赤潮藻的细胞增长、光合色素组成以及最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）等的变化规律。研究结果表明:4种赤潮藻在SMS和TC（7.5～240 mg/L）暴露组细胞密度均未出现半抑制效应,SMS对4种赤潮藻细胞密度的最大抑制效应范围为5.47%～36.26%,略高于TC的最大抑制效应0～35.21%（球形棕囊藻无抑制效应）;藻细胞叶绿素含量在抗生素暴露下均显著下降,但作为抗氧化剂和捕光色素的类胡萝卜素含量则显著增加;低浓度（<50 mg/L）TC暴露下,4种赤潮藻Fv/Fm均显著下降;TC（<30 mg/L）暴露下,4种赤潮藻细胞密度最大促进作用范围为11.30%～38.89%,球形棕囊藻细胞密度增加比例最高;赤潮藻对抗生素的响应存在显著的种间差别,两种抗生素暴露对球形棕囊藻生长的抑制效应明显低于其他3种赤潮藻,高浓度抗生素残留对浮游植物群落演替存在较强的干扰作用。     

Highly Oriented Thermoplastic Poly (vinyl alcohol) Films by Uniaxial Drawing: Effect of Stretching Temperature and Draw Ratio

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - With the advantages of excellent processability and biodegradability, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) becomes an environmentally friendly and biocompatible...     

A novel speed model for safety evaluation of freeway alignment in Euclidean 3D space

Objective: Operating speed is a critical indicator to evaluate consistency of road alignment and safety. Although extensive studies have been conducted on developing operating speed models, few researchers have considered the interactive influence of horizontal and vertical alignment in 3D space. The purpose of this study is to develop a speed model based on 3D alignment in Euclidean space rather than traditional horizontal and vertical alignment.

Methods: According to the curve theory of differential geometry, a novel method to estimate operating speed is proposed in our study using 3D space curvature instead of traditional horizontal or vertical parameters to describe the spatial geometric properties for a freeway alignment. Speeds of 54 different alignment segments are observed to develop the speed model. Several observing sites of each segment are selected beforehand, and the speeds of more than 300 vehicles in each site are observed. Space curvature is used as an important index to estimate operating speed.

Results: The findings of this study indicated that both horizontal alignment and vertical alignment contribute to space curvature. Space curvature mainly affects direction control operating performance. However, vehicles overcome the effects of gravity along the vertical alignment in the z direction. Results indicate that operating speed exponentially declines with space curvature and that quadratic parabola decline with vertical grade.

Conclusions: It can be concluded that there is a clear correlation between velocity and spatial curvature, which is proved by variance analysis. The estimation results of the speed models are reliable as tested using a real engineering example. The study would provide a scientific basis for safety evaluation of freeway alignment.     

Nitrogen process in stormwater bioretention: the impact of alternate drying and rewetting on nitrogen migration and transformation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nitrogen migration and transformation in the stormwater bioretention system were studied in laboratory experiments, in which the effects of...     

Optimized production and characterization of cation-independent bioflocculant produced by Klebsiella sp. 59L

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The cation-independent bioflocculant (59LF) extracted from Klebsiella sp. 59L was characterized. 59LF consisted of protein (4.8%) and total sugar...     

尾矿库安全生产红线划定研究

我国自开展尾矿库专项整治和综合治理行动以来,取得了显著成效,但尾矿库安全风险仍在逐渐增加,易诱发重特大事故,急需进一步研究其安全科技支撑技术。以尾矿库自身安全、堆排现状、溃坝影响、调洪能力等安全生产防控为研究出发点,整合高分对地观测技术、三维激光扫描技术和设计规范,研究划定了尾矿库上游汇水红线、最终堆排红线、下游影响红线、干滩警戒红线等四条安全生产红线。通过案例分析表明,研究划定的尾矿库安全生产红线能够有效地排查尾矿库区域性安全风险。     

Authentication of synthetic environmental contaminants and their (bio)transformation products in toxicology: polychlorinated biphenyls as an example

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Toxicological studies use “specialty chemicals” and, thus, should assess and report both identity and degree of purity (homogeneity) of...     

剩余污泥生物燃料电池输出功率密度的影响因素

对于以剩余污泥为燃料的微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了可能影响输出功率密度的相关因素.结果表明,污泥体积对燃料电池以面积为单位的输出功率密度影响效果不明显.电池阳极面积越大,输出功率密度反而越小.采用NaCl为离子添加剂时,随着投加量的增加,输出功率密度相应增加,最大为173.40mW/m2;但采用K2HPO4为离子添加剂时,输出功率密度则先增加后降低,可能是磷浓度的增加影响了系统微生物的活性.泥水比1:2时,最大功率密度为163.35mW/m2,稀释比增加或减少,输出功率密度均相应降低.阴阳极距离从5cm缩小到0.5cm,输出功率密度从50.14mW/m2增加到84.02mW/m2,说明O2的扩散未对阳极厌氧微生物造成影响.采用最优条件时,输出功率密度为256.12mW/m2.     

石田螺处理城市剩余污泥试验

应用石田螺（Sinotaia quadrata）摄食和消化城市剩余污泥,通过考察石田螺的最佳养殖密度、城市剩余污泥经石田螺处理前后性质的变化和重金属转移规律,对石田螺处理城市剩余污泥的可行性进行了研究. 结果表明:石田螺在养殖密度为13～15 kg/m3时存活率较高;石田螺可将城市剩余污泥直接转化为颗粒螺粪,可有效去除污泥中的有机物,对VS和TOC去除率分别达到23%和37%. 对城市剩余污泥经石田螺处理后得到的螺粪进行厌氧发酵产气试验,12 d后的总产气量仅为0.5 mL,可见螺粪的厌氧消化活性较低,这可在一定程度上避免污泥腐化发臭. 石田螺对城市剩余污泥中Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd 5种重金属的富集系数（BCF）分别为1.09,1.36,1.17,1.33和3.41;石田螺对Ni无富集作用. 城市剩余污泥处理后得到的螺粪重金属质量分数符合国家《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》（GB4284—84）,在其他污染物项目达标的前提下,可用作为城市绿化用肥或土壤改良剂等,实现污泥的资源化利用.