Occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, and endocrine-disrupting personal care products in wastewater and the recipient river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China

The occurrence and behavior of β-blockers, antiepileptic drug carbamazepine and its metabolites, X-ray contrast agent iopromide, natural and synthetic hormones, and several groups of hormone-like personal care products (PCPs), including antiseptics (triclocarban, triclosan, and 2-phenylphenol), parabens and bisphenol A, were investigated in municipal wastewater, sewage sludge, and urban river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China. The pharmaceuticals, natural hormones and PCPs were ubiquitously detected in the raw wastewater from a sewage treatment plant (STP). Only triclocarban and triclosan were detected at significant amounts in the dewatered sludge. Iopromide and the PCPs were greatly removed/transformed from the aqueous phase of the wastewater. The β-blockers were only moderately removed/transformed. Carbamazepine passed through the STP almost unchanged. Biodegradation was the dominant process for elimination/transformation of the pharmaceuticals, hormones, and most PCPs in the STP. However, sorption also played an important role in the fate of triclocarban with nearly 50% of the mass load entering the STP ended up and persisted in the dewatered sludge. The pharmaceuticals, estrone, and PCPs were also widely detected in the Pearl River at Guangzhou. Bisphenol A had the highest concentration. The pharmaceutical concentrations in the Pearl River were higher in March than in May, most likely due to less dilution by lower precipitation. The omnipresence and high levels of the pharmaceuticals and PCPs in the Pearl River may be associated with direct discharge of untreated wastewater and pose potential risks to the ecological system.     

一株反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及其反硝化特性简

从处理城镇污水的移动床生物膜反应器中分离获得一株反硝化细菌D₃,并进一步研究该菌株的系统发育地位及反硝化特性。采用16S rDNA序列分析对菌株进行初步鉴定,探讨了基质浓度、起始pH和温度对菌株反硝化活性的影响。根据形态学特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列测定分析,初步鉴定菌株属于寡养单胞菌属。该菌能利用硝酸钠或亚硝酸钠进行反硝化作用,最佳电子受体是硝酸盐氮,反硝化速率最大为19.86 mg/（L·h）,最适生长pH为7.36,最适生长温度为33.5℃。菌株D₃在初始硝态氮浓度为140 mg/L,以乙酸钠为惟一碳源,pH为7.36,温度33.5℃的最优生长条件下,培养10 h进入对数生长期,倍增时间为9.9 h,48 h内硝酸盐还原率达95%。     

活性污泥系统中自养菌浓度及生长动力学参数测定

利用批式呼吸计量法测定了实际污水处理厂厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺和小试装置厌氧/好氧工艺好氧池内自养菌（X_A）的浓度及其最大比生长速率常数(μ_A)。结果表明,活性污泥系统中X_A与混合液挥发性悬浮固体的比例为1.60%～2.34%,μ_A实测值为0.69～0.76 d^-1,测定结果有较好的重现性,且与文献值非常接近,说明该方法具有较高的准确度和精密度。     

生物沸石球强化吸附氨氮废水的动力学研究

用一种具有多孔结构特征的沸石球作为载体固定化硝化细菌强化吸附氨氮废水。结果表明,沸石球能快速固定化硝化细菌,吸附动力学表明150 min对氨氮吸附容量达到2.816 mg/g,而且还有继续增加的趋势。假二级动力学方程和Elovich模型的精确拟合说明,生物沸石球对氨氮的吸附过程可能是非均相扩散起作用及以化学吸附反应为主的复杂转化过程。扩散拟合结果表明,氨氮在生物沸石球的吸附是以液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散为吸附速率的控制步骤,活性的硝化细菌对氨氮的硝化使氨氮在微孔的吸附得到了强化。     

催化湿式氧化法处理三环唑生产废水

在高压釜中进行了三环唑农药生产敦水间歇催化湿式氧化试验，结果表明，该法处理高浓度有有毒有机废水是有效的。在试验条件下，ＣＯＤ去除率达８０％。反应温度对处理效果影响最大，铜系催化剂具有较高的催化活性。     

溴氰菊酯对大鼠肝微粒体酶的影响

本实验研究了溴氰菊酯对雄性大鼠肝微粒体苯胺羟化酶活力和细胞色素P-450含量的影响。结果发现溴氰菊酯在动物体内能降低苯胺羟化酶活力(23.80％)和细胞色素P-450含量(21.18％)。该效应与微粒体脂质过氧化反应无关,亦与肝细胞破坏或内质网膜通透性的改变无关。溴氰菊酯本身对肝微粒体酶并不呈现抑制作用,当用肝微粒体酶诱导剂苯巴比妥诱导肝微粒体酶后,溴氰菊酯降低微粒体酶活性的效应消失。这表明溴氰菊酯降低肝微粒体酶的作用可能与其干扰肝微粒体酶蛋白的合成有关。     

久效磷对海洋微藻毒性机理的初步研究Ⅲ.超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化

报道了久效磷对３种海洋微藻细胞内２种清除活性氧的关键性酶———超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响．结果显示：１在久效磷的胁迫下，扁藻和三角褐指藻细胞的超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性均表现出下降的总变化趋势，而叉鞭金藻细胞的ＳＯＤ活性时而上升，时而下降，在整个胁迫过程中呈现出无规律性的变化．２随着久效磷胁迫时间的延长，３种微藻细胞的过氧化物酶活性均逐渐下降，表现出相同的变化规律性．这说明不同的藻种，久效磷对其细胞内酶活性的影响不尽相同．推测超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的降低是微藻细胞内过量产生活性氧，进而引起藻细胞膜脂过氧化伤害的主要原因之一．     

恶臭污染源环境影响评价要点问题探讨

针对城市恶臭发生源的无组织与无组织排放方式及臭气成分复杂且大多属复合臭气成分的特点,重点对恶臭源的监测、组分分析方法以及源强综合评价等关键问题进行了研究和总结。     

微波消解－ICP－AES法测底泥中的铜、镍等金属元素

采用微波消解－ICP－AES法测定底泥中的铜、镍等金属元素。通过实验和加标回收率的测定,回收率在88～102％之间。     

铜藻基生物炭的水热制备及性能表征

以浙江优势大型海藻之一的铜藻为原料,采用水热炭化法制备了生物炭.同时,通过正交法,以碳回收率和得率为指标,考察了反应时间、反应温度及铜藻与去离子水质量比等因素的影响,确定制备水热炭的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,制备铜藻基水热炭的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间2 h,反应温度180℃,铜藻与去离子水质量比1/4,在此条件下,水热炭的碳回收率为65.0%,得率为51.4%.元素分析、BET、接触角测定和傅里叶红外表征结果表明,铜藻基水热炭比表面积为26.6 m2·g-1,pH值为4.8,具有较高的O/C和较低的C/N,与干法裂解炭相比,其亲水性更强,且表面具有更为丰富的含氧、含氮官能团,灰分含量更低,得率和碳回收率分别提高了53.4%和33.5%.