仓面浇筑立体空间冲突致灾过程建模与伤害评价*

为定量评价大坝浇筑过程空间冲突致灾事故后果,通过对缆机运输典型情景进行危害能量运动分解,确定在水平和竖直方向运动方式,阐述危害能量在流动路径相互转化形式;根据能量守恒定律,分析危害能量在吊罐与承灾体碰撞接触之间转移规律,将吊罐与人头部接触过程抽象为带强阻尼的弹簧振子系统,建立危害能量与碰撞冲量相等的动量方程,量化空间冲突致灾后果。结果表明:吊罐坠落危害能量极大,产生的碰撞冲击力与吊罐的运输速度、高度呈正相关,与阻力系数呈负相关,风速、载重对其影响较大。对比2种不同碰撞情景发现,机械碰撞因顶部承载力缓冲,对人头部产生伤害远小于直接碰撞,并对碰撞结果分级评价,研究结果可为大坝浇筑交叉作业空间冲突致灾风险评价提供参考。     

Path analysis of factors influencing household solid waste generation: a case study of Xiamen Island,China

Comprehensive study of the factors influencing household solid waste (HSW) generation is crucial and fundamental for exploring the generation mechanism and forecasting future dynamics of HSW. A case study of Xiamen Island, China was employed to reveal the direct and indirect effects of demographic/socioeconomic factors on solid waste generation at the urban household scale. Based on a face-to-face questionnaire and two-stage survey of solid waste generation, a path analysis model was built. Results showed that the proposed path model exhibited good fit indices. Family size and dinning-at-home rate (DR), whose coefficients were ?0.40 and 0.43, respectively, were the two major factors influencing HSW directly. Moreover, family size, education level, employment rate and age structure played different degrees of indirect effects on HSW generation through respective paths, which should not be ignored. In terms of total effects, coefficients of family size, DR and employment rate were ?0.46, 0.43 and ?0.37, respectively, which were three most dominant factors influencing HSW generation. As for waste composition, organic waste was the most representative of HSW dynamics, and was the most sensitive to impact by the factors studied. Quantitative results of this study have important policy implications for sustainable municipal solid waste management.     

烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉NOx排放扩散迁移规律的影响研究

运用Fluent计算软件对北京市丰台区某燃气锅炉排放烟气中NOx的转化和扩散过程进行了数值模拟,定量地研究了烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉排放NOx在大气中的迁移规律产生的影响,并与Screen 3模型模拟的结果进行了对比.研究发现:烟气深度余热回收技术的应用使NOx的最大落地浓度与烟气直排时相比增加了2.5倍,NOx对本地地表的影响面积增大了15750 m2,增加了本地环境污染的风险.结合燃气锅炉的NOx控制技术提出了缓解局部环境风险的解决方案.结果表明,烟气深度余热回收技术与低氮燃烧技术联用,NOx的控制效率达到70%以上时,在有效提升锅炉热效率的同时,可以缓解由于烟温大幅下降造成的本地环境污染恶化的风险.     

济宁市生态文明建设的战略构想与对策

推进生态文明建设、建设美丽中国成为社会主旋律.文章从生态资源、生态空间、生态产业、转型发展等方面分析了济宁生态文明建设的优势,从战略顶层设计角度出发,研究提出了生态文明建设的总体要求、生态功能分区定位和实施步骤,针对近期济宁市生态文明建设存在的问题,从体制创新、制度体系、转型升级、考核监督、大气治理、水污染防治、城乡绿化等方面提出了具体的对策建议.     

Enhanced methane production in an anaerobic digestion and microbial electrolysis cell coupled system with co-cultivation of Geobacter and Methanosarcina

The anaerobic digestion(AD)and microbial electrolysis cell(MEC)coupled system has been proved to be a promising process for biomethane production.In this paper,it was found that by co-cultivating Geobacter with Methanosarcina in an AD–MEC coupled system,methane yield was further increased by 24.1%,achieving to 360.2 m L/g-COD,which was comparable to the theoretical methane yield of an anaerobic digester.With the presence of Geobacter,the maximum chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal rate(216.8 mg COD/(L·hr))and current density(304.3 A/m_3)were both increased by 1.3 and 1.8 fold compared to the previous study without Geobacter,resulting in overall energy efficiency reaching up to 74.6%.Community analysis demonstrated that Geobacter and Methanosarcina could coexist together in the biofilm,and the electrochemical activities of both were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry.Our study observed that the carbon dioxide content in total gas generated from the AD reactor with Geobacter was only half of that generated from the same reactor without Geobacter,suggesting that Methanosarcina may obtain the electron transferred from Geobacter for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane.Taken together,Geobacter not only can improve the performance of the MEC system,but also can enhance methane production.     

施用沼渣和接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘草生长及矿质营养的影响

沼渣是厌氧发酵的残余物,可作为肥料施用,但因其含有一定量的重金属等有害物质可能导致环境污染风险.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌作为植物共生真菌,可以促进植物对矿质养分的吸收,同时能够通过不同途径减轻重金属对植物的毒害.本文采用甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)为供试植物开展盆栽试验,考察施用沼渣结合接种AM真菌对甘草生长和矿质营养的影响.试验结果表明,施用沼渣显著促进了植物生长,提高了植物生物量、磷含量和叶片叶绿素含量,与此同时提高了土壤有机质和磷、铬、铜、铅含量,并导致植物重金属含量显著升高.另一方面,AM真菌能够和甘草根系形成良好共生关系,但施用沼渣对菌根侵染表现出显著抑制作用.接种AM真菌促进了甘草生长、提高了根系磷含量及叶片叶绿素含量,同时显著降低了植株重金属含量至安全阈值以内.本试验表明,施用沼渣同时接种AM真菌可在促进甘草生长的同时阻控重金属污染风险,因而可作为沼渣安全利用的一种可行技术途径.     

地下储气库泄漏风险定量分析研究

地下储气库系统易受到地质灾害、腐蚀、设备故障等风险因素的不良影响,降低其稳定性和可靠性,因此对地下储气库进行风险识别与分析,并针对地下储气库泄漏风险进行定量研究十分必要。针对国内某地下储气库泄漏问题,首先辨识出地下储气库泄漏风险因子,并采用事故树分析定性确定了各个风险因子的结构重要度,然后采用层次分析定量确定了地下储气库泄漏事故的风险水平,以为地下储气库风险评估及安全运行提供指导。     

中山市旱季霾特征及数值模拟分析

利用观测数据、Hysplit后向轨迹模式以及WRF-CMAQ模式对中山市旱季霾特征进行模拟分析.中山市霾污染的天气形势以大陆高压型为主.当相对湿度在71%~90%时,气溶胶浓度和能见度的负相关性最显著,且当能见度减小到5 km以下时,PM_(2.5)浓度的大幅减小才能使能见度略有好转.最有可能引起中山发生霾天气的两条污染带,一条是沿中山至湖南南部,另一条是沿中山到粤东地区.WRF-CMAQ模式能较好地模拟出2014年1月份中山PM_(2.5)浓度、能见度的变化趋势以及广东省区域内灰霾的污染过程.在气溶胶质量权重及消光贡献中,硫酸盐的比重最高,在高相对湿度下,二次气溶胶的消光权重超过80%.通过中山PM_(2.5)过程分析发现,在霾过程,无冷空气时PM_(2.5)主要来自气溶胶反应、排放源和水平平流,贡献率分别为35%、15%和10%,有冷空气时水平平流的贡献最大,达37%;在清洁过程,无冷空气时气溶胶主要靠水平平流和干沉降清除,贡献率分别为-39%和-14%,有冷空气时清除以水平平流和垂直对流、扩散为主,贡献率分别为-29%和-25%,说明不同天气条件下霾的污染和清洁机制有着明显差别.     

两种粒径氧化镍纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生物毒性

采用藻类生物毒性测试方法(OECD201)研究了两种粒径氧化镍(NiO)纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生物毒性.发现纳米颗粒的毒性与其尺度有关,7 nm NiO的毒性大于20 nm NiO,二者72 h EC50分别为18.01和74.64mgNiO/L.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了对...     

石煤提钒工艺及焙烧设备的清洁性评价

我国已颁布了56个重点行业的清洁生产标准,从生产工艺与设备要求及资源能源利用指标等6个方面规定了清洁生产考核的定量或定性指标要求.本文针对尚无清洁生产标准可供参考的陕西省从石煤中提取V<,2>O<,5>的生产企业,从生产工艺及设备的角度出发,按照石煤提钒的工艺流程逐项对生产工艺以及其中的焙烧设备进行清洁性比对,最终得出...