我国《新化学物质环境管理办法》修订探讨

介绍了我国新化学物质环境管理的相关要求;结合国际新化学物质环境管理经验和近年国内生态环境保护形势的要求,分析了我国新化学物质环境管理制度存在的主要问题;从调整管理类别、明确物质范围、简化申报类型、建立排查机制、强化主体责任、授权技术内审、简化信息报告、完善相关内容等方面对我国《新化学物质环境管理办法》的修订完善进行了探讨。     

Biological responses to nine powerful typhoons in the East China Sea

Using multi-satellite remote sensing and numerical model data, we investigated the biological responses to nine powerful typhoons that affected the East China Sea (ECS) between 2010 and 2013. The spatial distribution patterns of the surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in response to the passage of typhoons were quite different. Some typhoons clearly induced phytoplankton blooms in part of the surface seawater, whereas the Chl-a concentrations were not significantly altered by the other typhoons. In the case that the ocean’s precondition was similar, the pre-typhoon Chl-a concentration and transit time were the main factors that affected the post-typhoon Chl-a concentration. Besides strong vertical mixing and upwelling, the surface current change and heavy precipitation induced by the typhoons also influenced the distribution and growth of phytoplankton in surface seawater after passage of individual typhoons. In addition, the typhoons that directly affected coastal regions increased the nutrient concentrations in these areas, which influenced the occurrence of red tides in the ECS over a long time scale.     

基于GIS的造纸企业生态风险评价初探

造纸企业的生态危害问题是环保工作的热点,生态风险评价成为辅助决策过程的重要工具之一。本文应用GIS技术与层次分析法,以江苏省为研究区,对生态风险进行了定量综合评价和空间格局分析。结果为反映生态风险状况,优化防御措施以及进行预警决策提供了依据。     

Source apportionment for sediment PAHs using hybrid genetic pattern search treatment of a chemical mass balance receptor model: application to the Pearl River Delta region,China

In order to solve the collinear problem and improve the estimation accuracy of the chemical mass balance (CMB) model which can be essentially regarded as a constrained optimization process, in this study, a hybrid genetic pattern search algorithm (HGPS) was proposed and applied to apportion the source contributions for sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. Simulation results with developed synthetic datasets indicated that the estimated source contributions by HGPS were more close to the true values than CMB8.2. Utilizing the HGPS-CMB, residential coal and traffic tunnel were apportioned as the major sources of sediment PAHs in the PRD region. For freshwater surface sediments, the average contribution from residential coal ranged from 32 to 55 %, and traffic tunnel ranged from 13 to 33 %, while the major sources for marine sediments were traffic tunnel (10?~?56 %). These results provide information for developing better PAH pollution control strategies for the PRD.     

Characterization and source apportionment of water pollution in Jinjiang River, China

Characterizing water quality and identifying potential pollution sources could greatly improve our knowledge about human impacts on the river ecosystem. In this study, fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA), pollution index (PI), principal component analysis (PCA), and absolute principal component score–multiple linear regression (APCS–MLR) were combined to obtain a deeper understanding of temporal–spatial characterization and sources of water pollution with a case study of the Jinjiang River, China. Measurement data were obtained with 17 water quality variables from 20 sampling sites in the December 2010 (withered water period) and June 2011 (high flow period). FCA and PI were used to comprehensively estimate the water quality variables and compare temporal–spatial variations, respectively. Rotated PCA and receptor model (APCS–MLR) revealed potential pollution sources and their corresponding contributions. Application results showed that comprehensive application of various multivariate methods were effective for water quality assessment and management. In the withered water period, most sampling sites were assessed as low or moderate pollution with characteristics pollutants of permanganate index and total nitrogen (TN), whereas 90 % sites were classified as high pollution in the high flow period with higher TN and total phosphorus. Agricultural non-point sources, industrial wastewater discharge, and domestic sewage were identified as major pollution sources. Apportionment results revealed that most variables were complicatedly influenced by industrial wastewater discharge and agricultural activities in withered water period and primarily dominated by agricultural runoff in high flow period.     

Eld’s Deer Translocated to Human-Inhabited Areas Become Nocturnal

As human populations expand and nonhuman animals decline, understanding the interactions between people and wildlife is essential. For endangered species, appreciating the effect of human disturbance can be important for their conservation. However, a human disturbance angle is often absent from ecological research, despite growing evidence of the negative impact of nonfatal human interference. Here, we monitored Hainan Eld’s deer living within a reserve and translocated animals living amongst villagers. We show that translocated deer deviated from a crepuscular activity pattern and became increasingly nocturnal, and most active when villagers were not. It appears that translocated deer adapted over time to human disturbance and this pattern is similar to that of other species during periods of hunting. People do not pose an actual threat to Eld’s deer, but their presence triggered a response akin to predator avoidance and may be interfering with broader aspects of their biology and conservation.     

Residues and chiral signatures of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea

Residual levels and enantiomeric signatures of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in surface sediments from Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea were investigated. The concentrations of ∑HCHs (sums of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) and ∑DDTs (sums of p, p'-DDT, p, p'-DDD,p, p'-DDE, o, p'-DDT, and o, p'-DDD) ranged from 0.14 to 0.67 ng g?1 and 0.61 to 22.38 ng g?1, respectively. A slight potential health risk to the organism was then indicated for the residual levels of DDTs according to the ERL/ERM guidelines. Moreover, the predominant β-HCH implied that the technical HCH contamination was mainly due to the historical usage. But the high ratio of DDT/∑DDTs depicted a cocktail input pattern of fresh and weathered DDTs. The enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of α-HCH, o, p'-DDT, and o, p'-DDD were also determined. The degradation of α-HCH was enantioselective in all sediments samples, resulting in an enrichment of (-)-enantiomers. However, the racemic residues of o, p'-DDT and o, p'-DDD were observed in all sediments samples.     

Effects of alfalfa and organic fertilizer on benzo[a]pyrene dissipation in an aged contaminated soil

BACKGROUND: A climate-controlled pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of planting alfalfa and applying organic fertilizer on the dissipation of benzo[a]pyrene from an aged contaminated agricultural soil. RESULTS: Short-term planting of alfalfa inhibited the dissipation of benzo[a]pyrene from the soil by 8.9%, and organic fertilizer enhanced benzo[a]pyrene removal from the soil by 11.6% compared with the unplanted and unfertilized treatments, respectively. No significant interaction was observed between alfalfa and organic fertilizer on benzo[a]pyrene dissipation. Sterilization completely inhibited the removal of benzo[a]pyrene from the soil indicating that its degradation by indigenous microorganisms may have been the main mechanism of dissipation. Furthermore, significant positive relationships were observed between benzo[a]pyrene removal and the contents of soil ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total mineral nitrogen at the end of the experiment, suggesting that competition between plants and microorganisms for nitrogen may have inhibited benzo[a]pyrene dissipation in the rhizosphere of alfalfa and the addition of organic fertilizer may facilitate microbial degradation of benzo[a]pyrene in the soil.     

三维电极电吸附动态反应器的除氟特征研究

采用自制的单极性复合型三维阳极作为第三维电极对含氟水进行动态电促吸附实验,通过研究不同填充床高度、阴阳极板间距、隔膜材料对电促吸附除氟效果的影响,确定反应器的最佳结构参数为:填充床高度20 cm、阴阳极板间距4 cm、隔膜为nafion117膜。工作电压、进水pH、进水流速、共存物质对氟离子去除效果的影响结果表明:在一定范围内增大工作电压,降低进水pH或进水流速均可提高除氟效果。相应的最佳操作条件为:工作电压7 V、进水流速4 mL/min、酸性pH;腐殖酸和碳酸根离子的存在会对氟离子去除产生较强抑制作用,低浓度的氯离子可促进氟离子的电促吸附。扫描电镜(SEM)-电子能谱(EDX)的表征结果显示三维颗粒电极的表面及孔隙内部均可吸附氟离子,且电吸附后并未出现电极腐蚀现象。     

我国废炼油催化剂的产生量、危害及处理方法

根据我国每年的石油消费量估算了当年的废炼油催化剂产生量,预测2015年我国废炼油催化剂的产生量将达到2.07×105 t。介绍了废炼油催化剂的主要成分、含量与危害,分别论述了废流化催化裂化催化剂、废催化加氢催化剂和废催化重整催化剂的处理和利用方法,指出废炼油催化剂的再生及资源化和无害化应是未来的重点研究方向。