基于航空金属材料腐蚀的我国大气环境分区

目的针对我国服役飞机的腐蚀问题,实现飞机结构日历寿命的分区预测与精细化管理。方法收集我国大气环境17个典型地区的气象环境数据,编制各地区的气候、化学环境总谱,并根据腐蚀电荷当量原理,使用铝合金、合金钢两种材料的折算系数,将各地区的大气环境向标准潮湿空气作用时间进行折算。基于系统聚类的方法,根据大气腐蚀的差异性,将17个典型地区进行分类,确定各分区的划分标准和我国大气腐蚀分区个数,并综合考虑当前文献中可查的其他地区数据资料与我国气候、降水、大气污染的分布情况,对我国大气环境进行腐蚀分区。结果根据铝合金、合金钢的腐蚀特征量,可将我国大气环境划为5个分区。绘制了我国大气环境腐蚀分区图,给出了各分区的环境特点、地理位置分布和代表城市。结论应用我国大气环境分区结果,可以直观掌握我国飞机不同服役环境的腐蚀严酷程度,为编制加速腐蚀环境谱、评定飞机结构日历寿命、制定针对性的维护计划和飞行计划奠定基础。     

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated microbial activity in contaminated soil

The contamination of soils by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a widespread environmental problem and the remediation of PAHs from these areas has been a major concern.The effectiveness of ma...     

2013年1月北京市PM2.5区域来源解析

2013年1月,北京地区经历了多次严重的灰霾天气,细颗粒物污染已成为北京地区所面临的重要问题.了解和掌握北京细颗粒物的污染来源,是解决细颗粒物污染的重要途径,也是制定防治政策的重要依据.通过建立三维空气质量模型系统,对2013年1月20~24日的污染过程进行模拟,并运用PSAT技术探究北京市细颗粒物污染的区域来源.结果表明,本地源排放是北京市PM2.5的主要来源,平均贡献率为34%;河北和天津的平均贡献率分别为26%和4%;京津冀周边地区及模拟边界外的贡献分别为12%和24%.在重污染日,区域传输对北京市PM2.5的影响显著增强,是北京PM2.5污染的主要来源.PM2.5中的硝酸盐主要来自北京市周边地区的贡献,而硫酸盐和二次有机气溶胶呈现远距离传输的特性,铵盐和其他组分则主要来自北京本地的贡献.     

Influence of deployment time and surface wind speed on the accuracy of measurements of greenhouse gas fluxes using a closed chamber method under low surface wind speed

As a convenient method, the closed chamber method has been applied to determine gaseous emission fluxes from fully open animal feeding operations despite the measured fluxes being theoretically affected by deployment time, wind speed over the emitting surface and detected gas mass. This laboratory study evaluated the effects of deployment time (0 to 120 min) and external surface wind speed (ESWS) (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 m sec^-1) on the measurement accuracy of a 300 mm (diameter) × 400 mm (height) (D300×H400) closed chamber using methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) as reference gases. The results showed that the overall deviation ratio between the measured and reference CH₄ fluxes ranged from 9.99 % to -37.32 % and the flux was overestimated in the first 20 min. The measured N₂O and SF₆ emissions were smaller than the reference fluxes using the chamber. N₂O measurement accuracy decreased from -14.47 to -35.09% with deployment time extended to 120 min, while SF₆ accuracy sharply increased in the first 40 min, with the deviation stabilizing at approximately -5.00%. CH₄, N₂O and SF₆ measurements were significantly affected by deployment time and ESWS (P<0.05), and the interaction of those two factors greatly influenced CH₄ and SF₆ measurements (P<0.05). With the D300×H400 closed chamber, deployment times of 20 to 30 min and 10 to 20 min are recommended to measure CH₄ and N₂O, respectively, from the open operations of dairy farms under wind speeds lower than 2 m sec^-1.

Implications: This study recommended the suitable deployment times and wind speeds for using a D300 × H400 closed chamber to measure CH₄, N₂O, and SF₆ in an open system, such as a dairy open lot and manure stockpile, to help researchers and other related industry workers get accurate data for gas emission rate. Deployment times of 20 to 30 min and 10 to 20 min were recommended to measure CH₄ and N₂O emissions using the D300 × H400 closed chamber, respectively, from the open operations of dairy farms under wind speeds lower than 2 m sec^?1. For the measurement of SF₆, a typical tracer gas, a deployment of 70 to 90 min was suggested.     

Atmospheric fine particles in a typical coastal port of Yangtze River Delta

In recent decades, coastal ports have experienced rapid development and become an important economic and ecological hub in China. Atmospheric particle is a research hotspot in atmospheric environmental sciences in inland regions. However, few studies on the atmospheric particle were conducted in coastal port areas in China, which indeed suffers atmospheric particle pollution. Lack of the physicochemical characteristics of fine particles serves as an obstacle toward the accurate control for air pollution in the coastal port area in China. Here, a field observation was conducted in an important coastal port city in Yangtze River Delta from March 6 to March 19, 2019. The average PM_2.5 concentration was 63.7 ± 27.8 μg/m³ and NO₃^—, SO₄^2—, NH₄⁺, and organic matter accounted for ~60% of PM_2.5. Fe was the most abundant trace metal element and V as the ship emission indicator was detected. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that SK-rich, soot, Fe, SK-soot and SK-Fe were the major individual particles in the coastal port. V and soluble Fe were detected in sulfate coating of SK-Fe particles. We found that anthropogenic emissions, marine sea salt, and secondary atmosphere process were the major sources of fine particles. Backward trajectory analysis indicated that the dominant air masses were marine air mass, inland air mass from northern Zhejiang and inland-marine mixed air mass from Shandong and Shanghai during the sampling period. The findings can help us better understand the physicochemical properties of atmospheric fine particles in the coastal port of Eastern China.     

简政放权背景下环评机制改革与监管探析——以珠海市为例

在国务院全力推进简政放权背景下,国家和地方环保部门积极推进简化环评审批程序和下放审批权限这两个关键方面的环评机制改革,在环评机制改革过程中带来的监管问题也亟需解决。本文将以珠海市为例,审视珠海市环评机制改革带来的监管问题,从规范环评审查与强化监管、引进第三方技术评估、加强环评管理能力建设、实施环评机构监督与责任追究制度四个方面提出监管措施,亦可为国内地级市应对环评机制改革的监管举措提供借鉴。     

“十二五”期间黑龙江省城市饮用水水源地环境问题与对策研究

黑龙江省从2006年开始部署和落实全省饮用水水源地环境保护调查、评估和规划工作。截止至2015年,全省参与调查评估的地级城市集中式饮用水水源地共计36个,涉及取水量86 262.2万吨/年,服务人口1 034.4万人。"十二五"期间,全省水源地水质达标率有所下降,水量达标率呈上升趋势,水质连续五年未能达到Ⅲ类的水源地合计4个,主要超标因子为铁、锰、氨氮。我省水源地监测能力建设、规范化管理、风险防范和应急能力等方面仍存在问题。需从多方面入手加强水源地保护。     

中国绿色港口现状及发展研究

介绍了绿色港口的概念和特征,探讨了中国绿色港口发展现状,主要有对"绿色港口"认识不到位,绿色生态环保意识薄弱,港口规模过大超出环境承载,港口环保基础设施落后,港口环境保护法规及管理制度不完善和港口间恶性竞争忽视绿色港口建设,对促进中国绿色港口发展的政策分析,有转变港口企业管理理念积极培育绿色港口文化、制定出完善的评估指标体系、完善港口环保基础设施加快技术创新、改善环保法律规范、促进港口向规模化集约化和现代化发展。