金属材料实验室加速腐蚀环境谱等效加速关系的确定方法

目的 解决现有实验室加速环境谱等效加速关系确定方法的不足。方法 提出一种针对航空金属材料实验室加速腐蚀环境谱与实际大气间等效关系的“双桥连接式”快速确定方法。结果 该方法以金属材料在腐蚀环境下的质量损失情况作为腐蚀当量,通过基于“环境因素加权浓缩”的方法编制实验室加速环境谱、基于“电量（电流）等效桥”获得实际大气环境长年累积腐蚀电量、基于“质量损失等效桥”确定等效加速关系3个步骤,计算获得了实际大气长年监测数据对应的材料累积腐蚀电荷量和腐蚀质量损失大小。通过将金属材料在实际大气下和实验室加速环境下的腐蚀质量损失速率相比,获得了金属材料的等效加速关系。结论 该方法能够有效克服现有研究中由于缺少实地长时间大气暴晒件,以及当量参数选取不当引入误差,导致无法获取实验室加速腐蚀环境谱和实际大气环境间等效加速关系（或当量加速关系）的不足,为金属材料实验室加速腐蚀试验提供了方法支撑。     

Concentration and size distribution of particulate matter in a new aviary system for laying hens in China

ABSTRACT

Particulate matter (PM) from poultry production facilities may strongly affect the health of animals and workers in the houses, and PM emitted to the ambient air is an important pollution source to the surrounding areas. Aviary system is considered as a welfare friendly production system for laying hens. However, its air quality is typically worse as compared with conventional cage systems, because of the higher PM concentration of indoor air and other airborne contaminants. Furthermore, PM’s physical property, which has a direct impact on the penetration depth into the lungs of the birds and humans, is largely unknown for the aviary system. Therefore, a systematic method was utilized to investigate the characteristics of particles in the aviary house with large cage aviary unit system (LCAU) in Beijing, China. For the field measurements, three measuring locations were selected with two inside and one outside the house with LCAU to continuously monitor PM concentrations and collect the samples for particle size distribution (PSD) analysis. Results showed that PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and total suspended particulate (TSP) concentrations averaged at 0.037 ± 0.025 mg/m³, 0.42 ± 0.10 mg/m³, and 1.92 ± 1.91 mg/m³, respectively. Particle concentrations increased from October to December due to less ventilation as the weather got colder, and were generally affected by stocking density, ventilation rate, birds’ activities, and housing system. Meanwhile, indoor PM_2.5 concentration was easily impacted by the ambient air quality. Mass median diameter (MMD) and mass geometric standard deviation (MGSD) of the TSP during the measurement were 18.92 ± 7.08 μm and 3.11 ± 0.31, respectively. Count median diameter (CMD) and count geometric standard deviation (CGSD) were 1.94 ± 0.14 μm and 1.48 ± 0.08, respectively. Results indicated that the aviary system can attain a good indoor condition by suitable system design and environment control strategy.

Implications: Indoor PM_2.5 concentration of the layer house can be significantly affected by ambient air quality when the air quality index (AQI) was larger than 100. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations of the layer house with a LCAU system were comparable to the cage system. TSP concentration was higher, and PM size was larger than most of the cage system. System design, larger space volume, and higher ventilation rate were the main influence factors. Good indoor environment of the aviary system can be achieved through the reasonable design of the production system and appropriate environment control strategy.     

高炉上料系统除尘加湿机的改进及应用

对高炉上料系统除尘加湿机使用现状进行简单分析 ,提出改进意见和措施。     

催化法脱除NO_x的研究进展

如何有效地脱除氮氧化物是目前空气污染治理的一个重点和难点 ,催化还原和催化分解是目前研究得较多的脱除氮氧化物方法。本文从催化剂创新和催化反应体系的发展等方面对上述过程研究、应用情况进行了总结 ,并根据作者的认识进行了适当的评述。     

废水厌氧生物处理技术综述与研究进展

本文系统总结了污水厌氧生物处理技术发展沿革、技术现状与研究进展 ,并对各技术的优缺点进行了比较 ,指出了技术研究的关键与应用前景     

定量构效关系（QSARs）及替代生物体的应用

对应用定量构效关系及替代生物种间相关方法估算有机污染物的毒性进行了评述，结果表明，对以非反应性毒性机理起主导作用的大量不同的有机污染物，定量构效关系及替代生物种间相关方法预测毒性均非常成功。同时指出了所讨论的每一种方法的优点与不足。     

简政放权背景下环评机制改革与监管探析——以珠海市为例

在国务院全力推进简政放权背景下,国家和地方环保部门积极推进简化环评审批程序和下放审批权限这两个关键方面的环评机制改革,在环评机制改革过程中带来的监管问题也亟需解决。本文将以珠海市为例,审视珠海市环评机制改革带来的监管问题,从规范环评审查与强化监管、引进第三方技术评估、加强环评管理能力建设、实施环评机构监督与责任追究制度四个方面提出监管措施,亦可为国内地级市应对环评机制改革的监管举措提供借鉴。     

“十二五”期间黑龙江省城市饮用水水源地环境问题与对策研究

黑龙江省从2006年开始部署和落实全省饮用水水源地环境保护调查、评估和规划工作。截止至2015年,全省参与调查评估的地级城市集中式饮用水水源地共计36个,涉及取水量86 262.2万吨/年,服务人口1 034.4万人。"十二五"期间,全省水源地水质达标率有所下降,水量达标率呈上升趋势,水质连续五年未能达到Ⅲ类的水源地合计4个,主要超标因子为铁、锰、氨氮。我省水源地监测能力建设、规范化管理、风险防范和应急能力等方面仍存在问题。需从多方面入手加强水源地保护。     

中国绿色港口现状及发展研究

介绍了绿色港口的概念和特征,探讨了中国绿色港口发展现状,主要有对"绿色港口"认识不到位,绿色生态环保意识薄弱,港口规模过大超出环境承载,港口环保基础设施落后,港口环境保护法规及管理制度不完善和港口间恶性竞争忽视绿色港口建设,对促进中国绿色港口发展的政策分析,有转变港口企业管理理念积极培育绿色港口文化、制定出完善的评估指标体系、完善港口环保基础设施加快技术创新、改善环保法律规范、促进港口向规模化集约化和现代化发展。     

Atmospheric fine particles in a typical coastal port of Yangtze River Delta

In recent decades, coastal ports have experienced rapid development and become an important economic and ecological hub in China. Atmospheric particle is a research hotspot in atmospheric environmental sciences in inland regions. However, few studies on the atmospheric particle were conducted in coastal port areas in China, which indeed suffers atmospheric particle pollution. Lack of the physicochemical characteristics of fine particles serves as an obstacle toward the accurate control for air pollution in the coastal port area in China. Here, a field observation was conducted in an important coastal port city in Yangtze River Delta from March 6 to March 19, 2019. The average PM_2.5 concentration was 63.7 ± 27.8 μg/m³ and NO₃^—, SO₄^2—, NH₄⁺, and organic matter accounted for ~60% of PM_2.5. Fe was the most abundant trace metal element and V as the ship emission indicator was detected. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that SK-rich, soot, Fe, SK-soot and SK-Fe were the major individual particles in the coastal port. V and soluble Fe were detected in sulfate coating of SK-Fe particles. We found that anthropogenic emissions, marine sea salt, and secondary atmosphere process were the major sources of fine particles. Backward trajectory analysis indicated that the dominant air masses were marine air mass, inland air mass from northern Zhejiang and inland-marine mixed air mass from Shandong and Shanghai during the sampling period. The findings can help us better understand the physicochemical properties of atmospheric fine particles in the coastal port of Eastern China.