Umweltmanagement im landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb

Although problems may occur in the implementation of environmental management systems (EMS) in agriculture, an EMS can be a suitable farm management tool. In the past, pilot projects have revealed that the environmental audit as a base analysis still contains methodical weak points. A uniform procedure for the implementation process is not possible due to variations in the structure of farms in Germany with respect to size, employee structure and capital resources. While the resource costs which occur on larger farms can lead to a benefit due to increased efficiency, this has not yet been established for smaller farms. In these cases, other measures such as the implementation of generic management systems (especially environment and quality) or a farm-specific implementation of a management system without the cost-intensive certification may be a possible alternative.     

Quantifying uranium complexation by groundwater dissolved organic carbon using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation

The long-term mobility of actinides in groundwaters is important for siting nuclear waste facilities and managing waste-rock piles at uranium mines. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may influence the mobility of uranium, but few field-based studies have been undertaken to examine this in typical groundwaters. In addition, few techniques are available to isolate DOC and directly quantify the metals complexed to it. Determination of U-organic matter association constants from analysis of field-collected samples compliments laboratory measurements, and these constants are needed for accurate transport calculations. The partitioning of U to DOC in a clay-rich aquitard was investigated in 10 groundwater samples collected between 2 and 30 m depths at one test site. A positive correlation was observed between the DOC (4-132 mg/L) and U concentrations (20-603 microg/L). The association of U and DOC was examined directly using on-line coupling of Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AsFlFFF) with UV absorbance (UVA) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) detectors. This method has the advantages of utilizing very small sample volumes (20-50 microL) as well as giving molecular weight information on U-organic matter complexes. AsFlFFF-UVA results showed that 47-98% of the DOC (4-136 mg C/L) was recovered in the AsFlFFF analysis, of which 25-64% occurred in the resolvable peak. This peak corresponded to a weight-average molecular weight of about 900-1400 Daltons (Da). In all cases, AsFlFFF-ICP-MS suggested that相似文献   

On-road and laboratory investigation of low-level PM emissions of a modern diesel particulate filter equipped diesel passenger car

Modern diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems are very effective in reducing particle emissions from diesel vehicles. In this work low-level particulate matter (PM) emissions from a DPF equipped EURO-4 diesel vehicle were studied in the emission test laboratory as well as during real-world chasing on a high-speed test track. Size and time resolved data obtained from an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) and a condensation particle counter (CPC) are presented for both loaded and unloaded DPF condition. The corresponding time and size resolved emission factors were calculated for acceleration, deceleration, steady state driving and during DPF regeneration, and are compared with each other. In addition, the DPF efficiency of the tested vehicle was evaluated during the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) by real time pre-/post-DPF measurements and was found to be 99.5% with respect to PM number concentration and 99.3% for PM mass, respectively. PM concentrations, which were measured at a distance of about 10 m behind the test car, ranged from 1 to 1.5 times background level when the vehicle was driven on the test track under normal acceleration conditions or at constant speeds below 100 kmh^?1. Only during higher speeds and full load accelerations concentrations above 3 times background level could be observed. The corresponding tests in the emission laboratory confirmed these results. During DPF regeneration the total PM number emission of nucleation mode particles was 3–4 orders of magnitude higher compared to those emitted at the same speed without regeneration, while the level of the accumulation mode particles remained about the same. The majority of the particles emitted during DPF regeneration was found to be volatile, and is suggested to originate from accumulated sulfur compounds.     

A summer heat wave decreases the immunocompetence of the mesograzer, Idotea baltica

Extreme events associated with global change will impose increasing stress on coastal organisms. How strong biological interactions such as the host–parasite arms-race are modulated by environmental change is largely unknown. The immune system of invertebrates, in particular phagocytosis and phenoloxidase activity response are key defence mechanisms against parasites, yet they may be sensitive to environmental perturbations. We here simulated an extreme event that mimicked the European heat wave in 2003 to investigate the effect of environmental change on the immunocompetence of the mesograzer Idotea baltica. Unlike earlier studies, our experiment aimed at simulation of the natural situation as closely as possible by using long acclimation, a slow increase in temperature and a natural community setting including the animals’ providence with natural food sources (Zostera marina and Fucus vesiculosus). Our results demonstrate that a simulated heat wave results in decreased immunocompetence of the mesograzer Idotea baltica, in particular a drop of phagocytosis by 50%. This suggests that global change has the potential to significantly affect host–parasite interactions.     

Migration of aluminum from food contact materials to food—a health risk for consumers? Part II of III: migration of aluminum from drinking bottles and moka pots made of aluminum to beverages

Background

Drinking bottles and stove-top moka pots made of aluminum have become very popular. Storing drinks in bottles and preparing coffee in a moka pot may result in the migration of aluminum to the beverage.

Results/Conclusions

In a systematic study of aluminum drinking bottles, it has been shown that drinking a mixture of apple juice and mineral water in an aluminum bottle may reach 86.6% of the total weekly intake (TWI) for adults, and drinking tea from an aluminum bottle may exceed the TWI (145%) for a child weighing 15 kg. In contrast, preparing coffee in an aluminum moka pot results in a maximum of 4% to TWI, if an average of 3.17 L coffee is consumed per week, even if the pots are washed in the dishwasher, against the explicit instructions of the manufacturer.

     

Migration of aluminum from food contact materials to food—a health risk for consumers? Part I of III: exposure to aluminum,release of aluminum,tolerable weekly intake (TWI), toxicological effects of aluminum,study design,and methods

Background

In spite of the prevalence of aluminum in nature, no organism has been found to date which requires this element for its biological functions. The possible health risks to human beings resulting from uptake of aluminum include detrimental effects to the hemopoietic system, the nervous system and bones. Aluminum is used in many fields and occurs in numerous foodstuffs. Food contact materials containing aluminum represent an anthropogenic source of dietary aluminum.

Results

As a result of their frequent use in private households a study was undertaken to detect migration of this metal to foodstuffs from drink containers, coffee pots, grill pans, and camping cookware made of aluminum.

Conclusions

An estimate of the health risk to consumers is calculated, based on the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) specified by the European Food Safety Authority of 1 mg/kg body weight for all groups of people. In some instances the TWI is significantly exceeded, dependent upon the food contact material and the food itself.