Public attitudes and perceptions to the West-to-East Pipeline Project and ecosystem management in large project construction

Ecosystem management addresses transboundary, interdisciplinary and multiparty issues from an ecosystem perspective. In this regard, public participation of ecosystem management is particularly important for achieving a successful outcome. However, public attitudes and perceptions on ecosystem management in project construction are often ignored in the developing countries. Large project construction in China is booming, for example, oil/gasoline pipelines, water diversion projects, highway networks and high-speed railway networks. These projects may have important impacts on China's economy, as well as ecosystems. The perception of local people on these projects is crucial for their safe fulfilment. In this paper, the West-to-East Pipeline Project (WEPP), a large project in China built in 2004 to transport gas from the north-west to the south-east, was used as a case study to examine public participation and perceptions on ecosystem management. Field interviews were conducted in the summer of 2005 for data collection, and logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Modelling results show that public attitudes to WEPP construction are closely related to education, occupation and place of residence. Generally, interviewees with higher education and more involvement in WEPP have a positive attitude. However, local people have a poor understanding of ecological restoration and ecosystem management. For safe implementation of WEPP, some adjunct projects are required to improve the local economy and ecosystem functions, and different economic compensation schemes should be designed for stakeholders by region. Additionally, development strategies, such as offering part-time jobs, education and training to local farmers, are necessary to change attitudes and improve awareness on ecosystem management. It is also important to strengthen public participation in the early stages of project construction.     

磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯阻燃剂对稀有鮈鲫的毒性效应

为研究新型阻燃剂磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(TDCPP)的毒性效应,以稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)为实验生物,采用半静态实验方法,分别进行96 h和28 d的染毒,研究TDCPP对稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性和慢性毒性效应,并通过对稀有鮈鲫脑组织中与神经纤维的生长、发育、轴突再生等相关基因mRNA表达量的检测,初步探讨了TDCPP的神经毒性作用。结果表明：TDCPP对稀有鮈鲫的96 h-LC₅₀为2.99(2.20～3.38) mg·L^-1,根据化学物质对鱼类毒性分级标准TDCPP属于剧毒性。经0.9、1.5、2.1和2.7 mg·L^-1 TDCPP染毒28 d,与对照组相比,暴露组稀有鮈鲫肝脏及脑组织中SOD和GSH-Px的活性均受到抑制,且随着TDCPP的暴露浓度增加,其抑制作用显著增强;暴露组稀有鮈鲫脑组织中与神经纤维的生长、发育相关的微管蛋白α/β、神经丝NF-M以及关键蛋白GAP-43等基因的mRNA表达量,与对照相比均发生显著下调。可知,TDCPP暴露可以诱发稀有鮈鲫神经毒性作用。     

特殊人群疏散行为及疏散设计的研究

在建筑火灾和一些紧急突发事件中,特殊人群不能使用正常人的紧急疏散通道,也不能达到正常人的疏散速度,而这个问题在目前的消防设计和消防规范中基本上没有得到解决.在分析特殊人群疏散行为规律的基础上,选取医院住院楼的标准层进行了疏散模拟,得出了一些重要结果,对疏散设计具有指导作用.最后提出了特殊人群的疏散设计方法,主要包括AORS系统和特殊报警系统的设计.     

环境内分泌干扰物对鱼类性别分化的影响

鱼类性别分化是在性别决定机制的控制下,鱼类未分化的性腺向卵巢或精巢发育,并出现第2性征的过程,受自身内分泌系统的精确调控。环境内分泌干扰物能通过干扰内源激素的合成、释放、转运、代谢、结合和作用等过程影响鱼类的内分泌机能,从而对鱼类的性别分化产生影响。介绍了鱼类性别分化的模式和过程以及内分泌系统对鱼类性别分化的调控作用,综述了环境内分泌干扰物对鱼类性别比例、配子发生、性腺发育和第2性征的影响,从性类固醇激素的合成以及性别分化相关基因的表达两个方面探讨了环境内分泌干扰物影响鱼类性别分化的作用机制,并展望了该领域未来的研究方向。     

Enhancement of sludge gravitational thickening with weak ultrasound

Gravitational thickening is the prevailing method to reduce sludge volume but the process is slow and usually requires addition of polyelectrolyte(s). This paper investigated the potential benefits of sonication on enhancing the sludge gravitational thickening with very low energy dose, so called “weak ultrasound”. Results showed that weak sonication significantly changed the sludge settlability and the main mechanism was release of the loosely bounded extracellular polymeric substances. The changes in sludge behaviors by sonication were strongly influenced by power density and sonication duration. Lower sound frequency was slightly better than higher frequency. Weak sonication (<680 kJ·kg^-1 DS) improved the sludge gravitational thickening while high ultrasonic energy deteriorated the process. Considering both the sludge thickening efficiency and energy consumption, the optimum conditions were 0.15 W·mL^-1, 7 s, and 25 kHz. Under such conditions, the energy dose was only 155 kJ·kg^-1 DS, much lower than literature reports, and the sludge settling time was shortened from 24 h to 12?h. Weak sonication could substitute expensive polyelectrolyte coagulant for sludge thickening. Combination of weak sonication and polyelectrolyte could further reduce the settling time to 6 h. The final water content of the thickened sludge was not changed after sonication or polyelectrolyte addition.     

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)^-1 and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.     

2013~2014年北京市NO2时空分布研究

根据2013~2014年北京市NO₂监测数据,对比分析了全年及重污染日NO₂时空分布特征.结果表明:2013年NO₂平均浓度为56μg/m³,2014年北京市NO₂年均浓度为56.7μg/m³.年均及重污染日NO₂月均浓度均呈波浪型分布,日变化呈双峰型分布;空间分布上北部及西部山区NO₂浓度明显低于中心城区及南部地区. NO₂浓度与PM_2.5、CO、NO呈正相关关系,与O₃、OX无明显相关性;全年NO₂光解速率峰值平均在0.105/min左右,重污染日光解速率峰值平均在0.026/min左右;全年及重污染期间,氮氧化速率分别为0.142±0.061、0.190±0.036;高浓度NO₂既有利于O₃生成,又对重污染的形成起到了促进作用;重污染日特定条件下北京市NO₂的两种转化机制以转化为NO₃^-过程为主导.经计算2000~2014年北京市机动车的保有量与NO₂浓度的相关系数R为-0.84,机动车NO_x排放量对北京市NO₂浓度的变化有显著的影响.     

福建沿海米氏凯伦藻赤潮对皱纹盘鲍的危害原因

针对2012年在福建沿海致鲍鱼大量死亡、造成了巨大经济损失的米氏凯伦藻赤潮,为验证鲍鱼短时间内大量死亡的原因是否来源于米氏凯伦藻自身的毒性效应,本文初步研究了不同环境条件下,分离自赤潮现场的一株米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)的急性毒性效应。实验过程中,监测了曝气与非曝气条件下,环境因素中氨氮(TAN)、pH、DO的变化。研究发现,曝气条件下,实验体系中DO的变动范围为7.3~7.8 mg/L,pH的变动范围为7.5~8.2,TAN浓度的变动范围为0.0035~0.084 mg/L(能维持贝类正常生存),此时米氏凯伦藻趋近于赤潮现场藻细胞数量时(3107/L),鲍鱼48 h死亡率为33.3%,96 h内死亡率达100%,说明此时鲍鱼的急剧死亡是由米氏凯伦藻本身的毒性效应引起的。在非曝气条件下, DO由7.1 mg/L降低至1.8 mg/L,实验体系中pH的变动范围为7.2~8.1,TAN的变动范围为0.007~0.051 mg/L,此时米氏凯伦藻藻细胞数量为3107/L时,鲍鱼16 h内死亡率达100%,说明低氧的环境条件可以导致赤潮对鲍鱼的毒性效应加剧。由此可以推测,赤潮发生时皱纹盘鲍短时间内的大量死亡与米氏凯伦藻本身的毒性效应有关,而低氧等环境条件可以导致毒性效应加剧。     

Combined biologic aerated filter and sulfur/ceramisite autotrophic denitrification for advanced wastewater nitrogen removal at low temperatures

An innovative advanced wastewater treatment process combining biologic aerated filter （BAF） and sulfur/ ceramisite-based autotrophic denitrification （SCAD） for reliable removal of nitrogen was proposed in this paper. In SCAD reactor, ceramisite was used as filter and Ca （HCO3）2 was used for supplying alkalinity and carbon source. The BAF-SCAD was used to treat the secondary treatment effluent. The performance of this process was investigated, and the impact of temperature on nitrogen removal was studied. Results showed that the combined system was effective in nitrogen removal even at low temperatures （8℃）. Removal of total nitrogen （TN）, NH4＋ -N, NO3-N reached above 90% at room temperature. Nitrification was affected by the temperature and nitrification at low temperature （8℃） was a limiting factor for TN removal. However, denitrification was not impacted by the temperature and the removal of NO3 -N maintained 98% during the experimental period. The reason of effective denitrification at low temperature might be the use of easily dissolved Ca（HCO3）2 and high-flux ceramisite, which solved the problem of low mass transfer efficiency at low temperatures. Besides, vast surface area of sulfur with diameter of 2-6 mm enhanced the rate of microbial utilization. The removal of nitrate companied with the production of SO42-, and the average concentration of SO27 was about 240mg.L^-1. These findings would be beneficial for the application of this process to nitrogen removal especially in the winter and cold regions.     

气候与健康

气温与健康 人的体温恒定在37摄氏度左右,人体感觉最舒适的环境温度为20—28℃,而人体健康最理想的环境温度在18℃左右。人体对冷热有一定的适应调节功能,但是温度过高或过低．都会对人体健康产生不良影响。冬季当环境温度在4—10℃之间时,容易患感冒、咳嗽病．生冻疮。4℃以下时最易诱发心脏病,鼠死亡率较高。