交通空气污染对大鼠子代发育及社交行为的影响

交通空气污染与儿童自闭症的关联时有报道,但其因果关系仍待进一步探索。为研究出生前后暴露于不同水平的交通空气污染环境对生长发育和自闭症相关社交行为的影响,将Wistar大鼠雌雄1∶1交配,受孕雌鼠根据子代接触交通污染的时间(出生后暴露或胚胎期暴露)及浓度(低、中和高3个水平)分为6组。在子代出生后21～27 d,测量子代的体重、身长及大脑脏器系数,并根据三箱实验评估社交行为,同时检测仔鼠脑组织组蛋白H3第4个赖氨酸(H3K4)的甲基化水平。结果显示,出生前后,尤其是胚胎发育阶段接触较高浓度的交通空气污染物可导致幼鼠体重及大脑湿重较低,身长较短、大脑脏器系数偏高等生长发育特征改变。同时,出生前后较高浓度的交通空气污染物暴露可导致幼鼠出现社交能力下降、社交记忆受损及社交新颖性减弱等典型自闭症样行为改变。虽然组蛋白H3K4甲基化水平与交通空气污染物浓度之间未见统计学关联,但出生后暴露组具有较高的H3K4甲基化水平,提示出生前后接触交通空气污染物可能与自闭症的发生发展有关,而不同暴露时期对脑组织H3K4甲基化水平的影响,为今后进一步探讨自闭症的表观遗传机制提供了线索。     

Surface modification of mesoporous silica nanoparticle with 4-triethoxysilylaniline to enhance seawater desalination properties of thin-film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes

• Mesoporous silica nanoparticle was modified with 4-triethoxysilylaniline. • AMSN-based TFN-RO membranes were prepared for seawater desalination. • Water transport capability of the AMSN was limited by polyamide. • Polyamide still plays a key role in permeability of the TFN RO membranes. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), with higher water permeability than NaA zeolite, were used to fabricate thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. However, only aminoalkyl-modified MSN and low-pressure (less than 2.1 MPa) RO membrane were investigated. In this study, aminophenyl-modified MSN (AMSN) were synthesized and used to fabricate high-pressure (5.52 MPa) RO membranes. With the increasing of AMSN dosage, the crosslinking degree of the aromatic polyamide decreased, while the hydrophilicity of the membranes increased. The membrane morphology was maintained to show a ridge-and-valley structure, with only a slight increase in membrane surface roughness. At the optimum conditions (AMSN dosage of 0.25 g/L), when compared with the pure polyamide RO membrane, the water flux of the TFN RO membrane (55.67 L/m²/h) was increased by about 21.6%, while NaCl rejection (98.97%) was slightly decreased by only 0.29%. However, the water flux of the membranes was much lower than expected. We considered that the enhancement of RO membrane permeability is attributed to the reduction of the effective thickness of the PA layer.     

Water-Blown Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Foams with Soy Protein as a Reactive Reinforcing Filler

To decrease the usage of petroleum based materials, a kind of bio-resource based composite foams were developed with soy protein isolate (SPI) as reactive reinforcing filler in castor oil based polyurethane foams (PUF) prepared by self-rising method using water as a blowing agent. The resulting composite foams were evaluated for their morphology, density, mechanical and biodegradation properties, etc. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study exhibited characteristic peaks for SPI and PUF and indicated that the amino groups and hydroxyl groups on SPI reacted with polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanates (PAPI) to increase the crosslinking degrees of the composite foams. Densities of the resultant composites were found to increase with increasing SPI content. Mechanical properties of the samples were improved with the increase of SPI content. The compost tests further proved that the composite PUF had better biodegradability than neat PUF. Therefore, this research has provided a simple method of preparing the bio-resource based polyurethane foams, while exploring the potential of using SPI in polyurethane foam applications.     

Fabrication and Properties of Acid Treated Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Soy Protein Nanocomposites

Acid treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were incorporated into glycerol plasticized soy protein to form MWNTs/soy protein nanocomposite plastics. The influence of the polar groups grafted on carbon nanotubes by acid treatment on the compatibility would be studied. The results showed that aggregation of carbon nanotubes was reduced by acid treatment and some polar groups were grafted on the nanotubes. The modified MWNTs were dispersed in soy protein matrix homogeneously and exhibited good compatibility with soy protein matrix. The crystalline structure of soy protein was not changed by MWNTs. The mechanical properties were dramatically enhanced through MWNTs incorporation due to the strong hydrogen bonding between them and the homogeneously dispersion of MWNTs in protein matrix, indicating the reinforcing effect of MWNTs in soy protein matrix. The water uptake was reduced and the thermal stability was enhanced by MWNTs incorporation.     

3种微藻对全氟烷基化合物的生物富集效应

全氟烷基化合物(perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)是一系列人工合成的新型有机污染物,由于长链的PFASs具有较高的生物蓄积性,短链PFASs逐渐作为替代品而被广泛利用。为探讨不同碳链长度的PFASs在水生浮游植物中的蓄积能力,选取7种PFASs为目标物,以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)作为受试生物进行富集动力学实验,测定24 h时的生物富集因子(Bioconcentration factors,BCF)。结果表明,染毒浓度为10μg·L-1时,全氟癸烷羧酸的富集能力最强,在斜生栅藻、钝顶螺旋藻和蛋白核小球藻中的浓度分别为1 894 ng·g~(-1)、88.0ng·g~(-1)、990 ng·g~(-1)。3种微藻中全氟烷基磺酸的BCF均随碳链长度的增加而增大;全氟烷基羧酸的BCF基本遵循同样的规律,只是在钝顶螺旋藻体内,全氟己烷羧酸的BCF高于全氟辛烷羧酸。此外,PFASs在斜生栅藻中的浓度均高于蛋白核小球藻和钝顶螺旋藻,不同藻类的富集能力与其表面积、脂肪及蛋白质组成有关。     

啶酰菌胺在斑马鱼体内的富集特性及其对SDH和复合物Ⅱ活性的抑制

为进一步探索啶酰菌胺对水生生物的毒性,选择斑马鱼为供试生物,采用半静态法,研究了啶酰菌胺在斑马鱼体内的富集与消除规律及对其肝脏和鳃的毒性作用。结果表明,斑马鱼暴露于0.08、0.32 mg·L~(-1)中,14 d后均达到富集平衡,28 d生物富集系数(BCF_(28 d))分别为35.50和36.72。在0.16、0.32 mg·L~(-1)浓度下,斑马鱼的比肝重(HSI)和比鳃重(BSI)均明显高于对照组,而肝脏和鳃中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和线粒体呼吸链复合物II活性均明显低于对照组,浓度低于0.08 mg·L~(-1)时,对斑马鱼无明显影响。由此可知,啶酰菌胺对斑马鱼为中等富集性,并对其肝脏和鳃有一定毒性作用。     

生物扰动作用对河口沉积物中荧蒽去除的影响

通过室内微宇宙实验系统研究了天津厚蟹(Helice tientsinensis)和双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)生物扰动作用下河口沉积物中荧蒽的去除情况。实验结果显示,天津厚蟹扰动组中荧蒽的去除率显著高于沙蚕扰动组(P=0.05)和对照组(P=0.003),其中对表层(0~2 cm)和中层(3~5 cm)的促进效果最为显著;虽然各实验组表层沉积物中荧蒽的去除率均超过50%,但扰动组的去除更快,在36 d时就达最高去除率68%;双齿围沙蚕扰动组底层沉积物中荧蒽的去除率高于厚蟹扰动组和对照组,但差异不显著。研究表明表层沉积物中的荧蒽易去除,厚蟹生物扰动对荧蒽去除有显著促进作用;在距离表层5cm以下的沉积物中荧蒽的持久性增强,但生物扰动作用可促进其去除。     

Impact of food to microorganism ratio and alcohol ethoxylate dosage on methane production in treatment of low-strength wastewater by a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor

The effects of food to microorganism (F/M) ratio and alcohol ethoxylate (AE) dosage on the methane production potential were investigated in treatment of low-strength wastewater by a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAnMBR). The fate of AE and its acute and/or chronic impact on the anaerobic microbes were also analyzed. The results indicated that AE had an inhibitory effect to methane production potential (lag-time depends on the AE dosage) and the negative effect attenuated subsequently and methane production could recover at F/M ratio of 0.088–0.357. VFA measurement proved that AE was degraded into small molecular organic acids and then converted into methane at lower F/M ratio (F/M<0.158). After long-term acclimation, anaerobic microbe could cope with the stress of AE by producing more EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) and SMP (soluble microbial products) due to its self-protection behavior and then enhance its tolerance ability. However, the methane production potential was considerably decreased when AE was present in wastewater at a higher F/M ratio of 1.054. Higher AE amount and F/M ratio may destroy the cell structure of microbe, which lead to the decrease of methane production activity of sludge and methane production potential.

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126kV双断口快速真空断路器仿真研究

快速真空断路器因其动作速度快、可靠性高、动作分散性小等特点,目前多应用于中低压配用电系统。以一种限制变压器励磁涌流的126 kV双断口罐式结构的快速真空断路器为例,采用有限元仿真研究了其电场、磁场、温度场分布。仿真结果表明,采用罐式双断口结构的快速真空断路器的绝缘性能、磁场分布及通流性能均满足设计要求。