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251.
252.
TAIC(三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯)作为过氧化物交联或自由基反应交联的助交联剂被广泛应用。由于TAIC性质稳定难于生物降解,采用铁炭微电解法处理TAIC生产废水,并考察了铁炭比、进水pH值、反应时间对处理效果的影响,以及TAIC降解机理和反应动力学过程。结果表明,影响微电解工艺的因素主次关系为:pH>Fe/C质量比>反应时间;在最佳条件进水pH值为5,铁炭质量比为2:1,反应时间为135 min时,COD的去除率达到46%以上,TAIC的去除率达到48%以上。TAIC去除机理研究表明,微电解对TAIC废水的作用主要通过·H的还原和铁离子的絮凝作用,其中·H的还原作用是TAIC降解的主要原因。反应动力学分析表明,铁炭微电解法处理TAIC的降解过程基本符合二级反应动力学规律,通过建立模型并拟合出了TAIC降解的二级反应动力学方程。 相似文献
253.
对比了酸析法和碱析法对碱法草浆造纸黑液中木质素的去除效果,并分析了聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂对酸析和碱析后木质素的絮凝效果。实验结果表明:酸析法和碱析法都能有效析出造纸黑液中的木质素,酸析法对色度的去除效果要优于碱析法;当造纸黑液pH为3时,COD去除率达到72.0%,色度去除率为97.7%;当造纸黑液pH为13时,COD去除率达到55.0%,色度去除率为22.3%;PAC对于酸析后木质素有较好的絮凝效果,当废水温度为55℃、PAC加入量为45mL/L时,COD去除率可以达到79.5%,色度去除率为98.5%;PAC絮凝剂对于碱析后的造纸黑液色度的去除效果较差。 相似文献
254.
255.
Tilman Floehr Hongxia Xiao Björn Scholz-Starke Lingling Wu Junli Hou Daqiang Yin Xiaowei Zhang Rong Ji Xingzhong Yuan Richard Ottermanns Martina Roß-Nickoll Andreas Schäffer Henner Hollert 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(10):6934-6971
The Yangtze River has been a source of life and prosperity for the Chinese people for centuries and is a habitat for a remarkable variety of aquatic species. But the river suffers from huge amounts of urban sewage, agricultural effluents, and industrial wastewater as well as ship navigation wastes along its course. With respect to the vast amounts of water and sediments discharged by the Yangtze River, it is reasonable to ask whether the pollution problem may be solved by simple dilution. This article reviews the past two decades of published research on organic pollutants in the Yangtze River and several adjacent water bodies connected to the main stream, according to a holistic approach. Organic pollutant levels and potential effects of water and sediments on wildlife and humans, measured in vitro, in vivo, and in situ, were critically reviewed. The contamination with organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and others, of water and sediment along the river was described. Especially Wuhan section and the Yangtze Estuary exhibited stronger pollution than other sections. Bioassays, displaying predominantly the endpoints mutagenicity and endocrine disruption, applied at sediments, drinking water, and surface water indicated a potential health risk in several areas. Aquatic organisms exhibited detectable concentrations of toxic compounds like PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, and PFCs. Genotoxic effects could also be assessed in situ in fish. To summarize, it can be stated that dilution reduces the ecotoxicological risk in the Yangtze River, but does not eliminate it. Keeping in mind an approximately 14 times greater water discharge compared to the major European river Rhine, the absolute pollution mass transfer of the Yangtze River is of severe concern for the environmental quality of its estuary and the East China Sea. Based on the review, further research needs have been identified. 相似文献
256.
Jin Hua Li Shu Mei Jiao Rong Qing Gao Richard D. Bardgett 《Environmental management》2012,50(6):1193-1203
Plant–soil interactions are known to influence a wide range of ecosystem-level functions. Moreover, the recovery of these functions is of importance for the successful restoration of soils that have been degraded through intensive and/or inappropriate land use. Here, we assessed the effect of planting treatments commonly used to accelerate rates of grassland restoration, namely introduction of different legume species Medicago sativa, Astragalus adsurgens, Melilotus suaveolens, on the recovery of soil microbial communities and carbon and nitrogen contents in abandoned fields of the Loess Plateau, China. The results showed effects were species-specific, and either positive, neutral or negative depending on the measure and time-scale. All legumes increased basal respiration and metabolic quotient and had a positive effect on activity and functional diversity of the soil microbial community, measured using Biolog EcoPlate. However, soil under Astragalus adsurgens had the highest activity and functional diversity relative to the other treatments. Soil carbon and nitrogen content and microbial biomass were effectively restored in 3–5?years by introducing Medicago sativa and Astragalus adsurgens into early abandoned fields. Soil carbon and nitrogen content were retarded in 3–5?years and microbial biomass was retarded in the fifth year by introducing Melilotus suaveolens. Overall, the restoration practices of planting legumes can significantly affect soil carbon and nitrogen contents, and the biomass, activity, and functional diversity of soil microbial community. Therefore, we propose certain legume species could be used to accelerate ecological restoration of degraded soils, hence assist in the protection and preservation of the environment. 相似文献
257.
Temporal and spatial vegetation structure has impact on biodiversity qualities. Yet, current schemes of biotope mapping do
only to a limited extend incorporate these factors in the mapping. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application
of a modified biotope mapping scheme that includes temporal and spatial vegetation structure. A refined scheme was developed
based on a biotope classification, and applied to a green structure system in Helsingborg city in southern Sweden. It includes
four parameters of vegetation structure: continuity of forest cover, age of dominant trees, horizontal structure, and vertical
structure. The major green structure sites were determined by interpretation of panchromatic aerial photographs assisted with
a field survey. A set of biotope maps was constructed on the basis of each level of modified classification. An evaluation
of the scheme included two aspects in particular: comparison of species richness between long-continuity and short-continuity
forests based on identification of woodland continuity using ancient woodland indicators (AWI) species and related historical
documents, and spatial distribution of animals in the green space in relation to vegetation structure. The results indicate
that (1) the relationship between forest continuity: according to verification of historical documents, the richness of AWI
species was higher in long-continuity forests; Simpson’s diversity was significantly different between long- and short-continuity
forests; the total species richness and Shannon’s diversity were much higher in long-continuity forests shown a very significant
difference. (2) The spatial vegetation structure and age of stands influence the richness and abundance of the avian fauna
and rabbits, and distance to the nearest tree and shrub was a strong determinant of presence for these animal groups. It is
concluded that continuity of forest cover, age of dominant trees, horizontal and vertical structures of vegetation should
now be included in urban biotope classifications. 相似文献
258.
德国《民法典》确定了一般环境侵权的规则——行为责任,再以《环境责任法》确立了特殊的环境侵权的规则——设备责任。设备侵权是危险责任的一种,其构成要件有两个:设备运营对环境产生不良影响进而导致损害;人身、财产受侵害。设备责任的承担不要求设备运营人的过错。设备责任归责采用因果关系推定原则。 相似文献
259.
Xiaojiao Chen Minjian Chen Bo Xu Rong Tang Xiumei Han Yufeng Qin Bin Xu Bo Hang Zhilei Mao Weiwei Huo Yankai Xia Zhengfeng Xu Xinru Wang 《Chemosphere》2013
Widespread use of phenols has led to ubiquitous exposure to phenols. In experimental animals, phenols increased resorptions, reduced live litter size and fetal body weights. However, there are limited epidemiological evidences of the relationships between exposure to phenols and pregnancy outcomes. We evaluated the associations between parental urinary levels of various phenols and spontaneous abortion in a Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A case-control study was conducted that included 70 case couples with medically unexplained spontaneous abortion and 180 control couples who did not have a history of spontaneous abortion and had at least one living child. Both parental urinary phenols were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry including bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,3,4-trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 4-n-octylphenol (4-n-OP) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP). Compared with the low exposure group, there was an increased risk of spontaneous abortion with high paternal urinary PCP concentration [odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.05–4.14], and maternal exposure to 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) also significantly increased the risk of spontaneous abortion (OR = 2.21, 95% CI, 1.02–4.80; OR = 2.81, 95% CI, 1.39–5.65, respectively). Our study firstly provides the evidence that paternal PCP exposure, maternal 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) exposure are associated with spontaneous abortion in humans. 相似文献
260.
湿地植物在处理高负荷有机废水时会受到不同程度的氧化胁迫。本研究基于对浮萍的有机污染胁迫模拟系统,通过对浮萍脂质过氧化和抗氧化防御系统的监测与分析,研究了浮萍对有机污染胁迫的耐受能力及胁迫去除后浮萍的恢复规律。结果表明,浮萍对有机污染胁迫具有较高的耐受性,在胁迫去除后,具有一定的恢复能力。在COD小于400mg/L时,浮萍并未受到氧化胁迫;当COD达到800 mg/L时,浮萍体内ROS含量上升,细胞膜脂过氧化加剧,但抗氧化酶活性升高,抗氧化物质含量增加,浮萍可保持生长,胁迫去除后,抗氧化防御系统可恢复到对照水平;当COD过高(≥1 000mg/L),ROS急剧上升,抗氧化防御系统遭受破坏,造成不可逆伤害,胁迫去除后不能恢复正常生长。 相似文献