废旧线路板回收的污染防治技术综述

废旧线路板回收不仅能够解决电子废弃物迅速增长带来的环境污染问题,而且可以实现资源再生利用,是中国当前鼓励发展的行业。线路板回收过程也将不可避免的带来一定环境污染问题。中国企业现阶段常用的线路板回收工艺主要包括机械物理法、湿法冶金、火法冶金、热解法等。废旧线路板的回收工艺不同,污染物产生特点也不同,企业应根据线路板回收工艺有针对性的选择污染防治措施。线路板回收过程中产生的废渣再利用应成为今后研究的重点。     

磷石膏改良基质中As和F在蔬菜内富集和迁移特征

为了查明改良磷石膏是否可作为农作物耕种地,选取白菜、菠菜、叶用芥菜和上海青种植在改良磷石膏基质上,分析了As和F在四种蔬菜中的富集及迁移特征。结果表明:As和F在蔬菜中的含量范围分别为0.27～1.56mg/kg、79.14～265.65mg/kg,均超过《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》。As和F在蔬菜中的富集系数分别为0.07～0.25、0.23～0.44。叶用芥菜和白菜地下部位中As和F迁移显著,而上海青和白菜地上部位中As和F迁移显著。总体而言,As在蔬菜中迁移规律表现为地下部位>地上部位,F在蔬菜中迁移规律表现为地上部位>地下部位。改良后的磷石膏不适宜于种植蔬菜。     

Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China: Implications for sources and historical changes

The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd and As) in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary was investigated. The spatial distribution of heavy metals displayed a decreasing pattern from the turbidity maxima to both upstream and downstream of the estuary, which suggested that suspended sediments played an important role in the trace metal distribution in the Pearl River Estuary. In addition, metal concentrations were higher in the west part of the estuary which received most of the pollutants from the Pearl River. In the sediment cores, fluxes of heavy metals were consistent with a predominant anthropogenic input in the period 1970-1990. From the mid-1990s to the 2000s, there was a significant decline in heavy metal pollution. The observed decline has shown the result of pollution control in the Pearl River Delta. However, it is noteworthy that the metal concentrations in the most recent sediment still remained considerably high. Taken together, the enrichment of heavy metals in sediments was largely controlled by anthropogenic pollution.     

热电行业利用软件管理实现节能降耗

热电行业是我国经济体系中的能耗大户、污染大户,如何在热电行业中做到节能减排、清洁生产,关系到我国的可持续发展。利用软件技术在热电行业中实施清洁生产的管理,实践中证明能实现节能降耗,为同行业开展清洁生产工作提供了新思路。     

A2/O与倒置A2/O工艺低温条件下的氨氮去除能力解析

对相同进水、平行运行的A²/O与倒置A²/O工艺的冬季氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）去除能力进行了全面解析.在运行水温为14℃时,倒置A²/O工艺表现出更低的NH₄⁺-N容积去除负荷［0.13 kg·（m³·d）^-1和0.29 kg·（m³·d）^-1］和氨氧化速率（AOR）［0.07 kg·（kg·d）^-1和0.11 kg·（kg·d）^-1］,而26℃时两个工艺则相差无几.两个平行工艺中的氨氧化菌（AOB）种群定量结果几乎始终相等（倒置A²/O工艺为3.2%±0.24%,A²/O工艺为3.4%±0.31%）.克隆文库分析的结果表明,造成低温时倒置A²/O工艺中具有较低氨氮去除能力的原因是其AOB优势种属为AOR较慢的慢生型（K-生长策略）亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）,而在A²/O工艺中则为AOR较快的快生型（r-生长策略）亚硝化单胞菌属（Nitrosomonas）;而在26℃环境下两个工艺中的优势种属则均为Nitrosomonas.结合对污染物沿程去除过程的全面分析,发现尽管温度是决定AOB优势种属演替的首要原因,但由于倒置A²/O的工艺结构变化造成其好氧单元具有较高的COD负荷和高NH₄⁺-N浓度等不利于AOB生长的因素,决定了其可以在常规城市污水的条件下出现K-生长策略型的优势AOB种属.因此倒置A²/O针对异养菌（聚磷菌与反硝化菌）的工艺构造变化却通过COD负荷等间接影响到自养型氨氧化菌的种群分布与演替,并最终造成工艺在低温条件下硝化能力的减弱.     

关于畜禽养殖业环境管理的思考

介绍了畜禽养殖业对环境的污染现状及存在的问题,提出了强化环境管理的对策和措施.     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

中国污染场地管理面临的问题及对策

概述了欧美国家污染场地管理现状,分析了中国污染场地管理面临的突出问题:中国在污染土壤管理的法律法规和标准、污染土壤的修复技术、污染土壤治理投入等方面同欧美国家有一定的差距.结合污染场地管理和场地风险评估、场地修复条件以及土地利用功能,提出了基于风险评估基础上污染场地管理程序和污染场地管理亟待开展的工作.指出了土壤环境标准体系,污染场地管理体系和污染场地修复技术体系的三元结构的完善是破解中国污染场地管理和修复的难题的根本.     

油气田建设项目施工期环境监理探析

针对油气田建设项目的具体情况,对油气田建设项目施工期主要环境影响,包括钻井作业、输气站及输气管道建设工程中的主要环境影响进行了分析,从施工期的污染防治措施监理、生态保护措施监理、环境保护设施监理几个方面对施工期环境监理的主要内容进行了探讨。     

基于粒子群-支持向量机(PSO-SVM)的苯储罐泄漏事故风险预测

将支持向量机(SVM)模型运用于事故前苯储罐泄漏事故风险预测,为使模型性能最优, 用粒子群算法PSO优化SVM模型参数,建立了PSO-SVM风险预测模型。为验证模型风险预测性能,分别采用遗传算法(GA)和网格搜索法(GS)优化SVM参数,并比较测试集与PSO-SVM、GA-SVM、GS-SVM三种模型预测结果的均方误差及相关系数。然后进一步探讨模型中权重调整方式、种群规模对PSO-SVM模型预测性能的影响。研究发现,权重线性递减所建PSO-SVM预测值与测试集相关系数更高、均方误差更小、预测效果更好,种群规模没有影响PSOSVM模型预测值但会影响计算时间,这为危化品泄漏事故的风险预测提供了一种新的方法。