磷石膏改良基质中As和F在蔬菜内富集和迁移特征

为了查明改良磷石膏是否可作为农作物耕种地,选取白菜、菠菜、叶用芥菜和上海青种植在改良磷石膏基质上,分析了As和F在四种蔬菜中的富集及迁移特征。结果表明:As和F在蔬菜中的含量范围分别为0.27～1.56mg/kg、79.14～265.65mg/kg,均超过《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》。As和F在蔬菜中的富集系数分别为0.07～0.25、0.23～0.44。叶用芥菜和白菜地下部位中As和F迁移显著,而上海青和白菜地上部位中As和F迁移显著。总体而言,As在蔬菜中迁移规律表现为地下部位>地上部位,F在蔬菜中迁移规律表现为地上部位>地下部位。改良后的磷石膏不适宜于种植蔬菜。     

Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China: Implications for sources and historical changes

The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd and As) in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary was investigated. The spatial distribution of heavy metals displayed a decreasing pattern from the turbidity maxima to both upstream and downstream of the estuary, which suggested that suspended sediments played an important role in the trace metal distribution in the Pearl River Estuary. In addition, metal concentrations were higher in the west part of the estuary which received most of the pollutants from the Pearl River. In the sediment cores, fluxes of heavy metals were consistent with a predominant anthropogenic input in the period 1970-1990. From the mid-1990s to the 2000s, there was a significant decline in heavy metal pollution. The observed decline has shown the result of pollution control in the Pearl River Delta. However, it is noteworthy that the metal concentrations in the most recent sediment still remained considerably high. Taken together, the enrichment of heavy metals in sediments was largely controlled by anthropogenic pollution.     

热电行业利用软件管理实现节能降耗

热电行业是我国经济体系中的能耗大户、污染大户,如何在热电行业中做到节能减排、清洁生产,关系到我国的可持续发展。利用软件技术在热电行业中实施清洁生产的管理,实践中证明能实现节能降耗,为同行业开展清洁生产工作提供了新思路。     

A2/O与倒置A2/O工艺低温条件下的氨氮去除能力解析

对相同进水、平行运行的A²/O与倒置A²/O工艺的冬季氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）去除能力进行了全面解析.在运行水温为14℃时,倒置A²/O工艺表现出更低的NH₄⁺-N容积去除负荷［0.13 kg·（m³·d）^-1和0.29 kg·（m³·d）^-1］和氨氧化速率（AOR）［0.07 kg·（kg·d）^-1和0.11 kg·（kg·d）^-1］,而26℃时两个工艺则相差无几.两个平行工艺中的氨氧化菌（AOB）种群定量结果几乎始终相等（倒置A²/O工艺为3.2%±0.24%,A²/O工艺为3.4%±0.31%）.克隆文库分析的结果表明,造成低温时倒置A²/O工艺中具有较低氨氮去除能力的原因是其AOB优势种属为AOR较慢的慢生型（K-生长策略）亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）,而在A²/O工艺中则为AOR较快的快生型（r-生长策略）亚硝化单胞菌属（Nitrosomonas）;而在26℃环境下两个工艺中的优势种属则均为Nitrosomonas.结合对污染物沿程去除过程的全面分析,发现尽管温度是决定AOB优势种属演替的首要原因,但由于倒置A²/O的工艺结构变化造成其好氧单元具有较高的COD负荷和高NH₄⁺-N浓度等不利于AOB生长的因素,决定了其可以在常规城市污水的条件下出现K-生长策略型的优势AOB种属.因此倒置A²/O针对异养菌（聚磷菌与反硝化菌）的工艺构造变化却通过COD负荷等间接影响到自养型氨氧化菌的种群分布与演替,并最终造成工艺在低温条件下硝化能力的减弱.     

关于畜禽养殖业环境管理的思考

介绍了畜禽养殖业对环境的污染现状及存在的问题,提出了强化环境管理的对策和措施.     

从碳排放权交易角度谈治理兰州市大气污染的应用研究

随着城市的发展,环境污染问题日益突出,碳排放权交易作为《京都议定书》认定的碳交易机制,在解决环境污染问题上发挥了重要作用。在分析配额型碳交易在美国的成功应用的基础上,针对兰州市的污染现状,构建兰州市碳排放权交易制度来治理大气污染：核定兰州市大气环境容量,确定总量控制目标;确定交易单位;确立碳排放权初始分配机制;制定交易规则,建立监管机构;政府监管并进行相应的惩罚。     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

基于信访数据分析北京环境问题

分析了2006-2009年北京环境信访数据,结果显示：北京的环境信访主要集中在大气污染和噪声问题方面,两者分别占信访总量的60％和34％。大气污染包括工业废气、机动车尾气、锅炉烟尘、餐饮油烟、扬尘以及异味等。噪声问题主要是社会生活噪声、工业噪声、施工噪声以及交通噪声等。环境信访量的区域分布与污染源的数量以及人口密度相关。北京城市功能拓展区占全市环境信访的一半以上,发展新区和城市核心区比例分别为26％和13％,生态涵养区仅占4％。从区县分布来看,朝阳区和丰台区比例最高,分别占全市的20％和17％;远郊区县比例相对较低,延庆县不足1％。不同季节污染源排放强度及居民生活规律的差异造成北京环境信访量夏季高、冬季低,8月份信访量是2月份的5倍。奥运前,北京环境信访量不断攀升,其后有所回落,但近几年集中信访突出．     

CO_2加富对塔玛亚历山大藻和小新月菱形藻种群竞争的影响

通过共培养的方法,研究了塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closteriumEhr)种群竞争关系对CO2加富的响应变化。培养体系中CO2的浓度分别保持在360μL/L(未加富)和5 000μL/L(CO2加富)。结果表明:(1)不同的初始接种密度对2种藻种群竞争有明显的影响。当塔玛亚历山大藻(A)和小新月菱形藻(N)的初始接种密度比为A∶N=1∶4时,小新月菱形藻在竞争中占有极为明显的优势;当接种比例为A∶N=1∶1,小新月菱形藻占有一定的竞争优势;当接种比例为A∶N=4∶1时,塔玛亚历山大藻在竞争中占有明显优势。(2)CO2加富可改变2种藻种群竞争的关系,使塔玛亚历山大藻竞争能力大大提高,小新月菱形藻种群竞争能力降低,从而导致接种比例A:N=1:4时,塔玛亚历山大藻的竞争劣势不再明显;而接种比例为A:N=1:1和4:1时,塔玛亚历山大藻成为竞争中的优势种。     

固定化PSB处理亚硫酸钠造纸废水

在序批式活性污泥法(SBR)生物反应器内投加固定化紫色非硫光合细菌(PSB)及其他异养菌以提高生物难降解物质的去除效率.采用聚集-交联固定法将高效优势菌固定于已驯化的活性污泥上处理亚硫酸钠造纸混合废水.结果表明,在好氧条件下稳定运行时COD_Cr去除率为70%左右,木质素去除率为75%.与传统生化法相比,固定化PSB-SBR系统处理效果好,启动快,耐冲击负荷,停留时间短,操作管理方便,在实际工程中具有广阔的应用前景.