不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染修复技术研究

土壤重金属污染的修复问题备受人们的关注,而在不同土地利用方式下受污染的土壤能够通过不同途径对人群健康构成威胁.国内外有关土壤重金属污染修复方法可分为生物修复、化学修复、物理修复以及联合修复,各修复方法适用范围差异较大.结合农业土壤、城市土壤以及矿区土壤中重金属的污染特征能够提出相应的更加合理的修复措施,最终为相关部门环境污染治理的决策提供理论依据.     

自然富硒土中Se对不同水稻籽粒吸收Cd的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,在高低两种自然富硒土壤上种植3种水稻。结果发现,水稻籽粒Se含量与土壤中Se含量呈正相关,而土壤硒含量过高会降低水稻籽粒的产量。在添加Cd下,高富硒土种植的博优998、秋优998、金稻优998等水稻籽粒Cd含量比低富硒土分别降低了26.99%、10.28%、13.48%,说明土壤中适量的Se对水稻籽粒吸收Cd有拮抗作用。另外,秋优998富集Se、Cd的能力最强,生物产量最低,金稻优998达到富硒效果,而富集Cd的能力最弱,且生物产量较高,在筛选品种时,应优选金稻优998。     

中国水污染源监测方法标准技术体系研究

通过梳理中国水污染源监测方法标准体系发展历程,剖析其构成及技术应用现状,对比国际先进监测技术体系,总结了中国水污染源监测方法标准体系特点,并结合国内外分析技术现状、发展趋势,提出了中国水污染源监测方法标准体系技术发展方向：一是常规监测更加自动化、智能化;二是加强重金属形态分析能力,建立ICP-MS监测方法标准;三是强化有机监测仪器、标准品和耗材研发力度,提高LC-MS、GC-MS利用率;四是建立生物监测标准方法群.     

Detection and Characterization of Avastrovirus Associated with Diarrhea Isolated from Minks in China

Astroviruses are becoming a growing concern in veterinary and public health. Many astrovirus species are associated with enteric diseases have been described in both mammalian and avian hosts. In the present study, 23 fecal samples from diarrheic minks were collected in Liaoning and Shandong Province, and an investigation of astrovirus was performed using biochemical methods and RT-PCR assay with specific primers. A total of four mink astroviral isolates were detected from sick minks with diarrhea problems. Further sequencing and characterization of the partial ORF1b gene and ORF2 gene segments revealed low sequence identities (20.0–85.3 and 31.8–87.2 %) with known astroviral strains, indicating the emergence of a novel clade of astroviruses. Some new features of the astroviral genome have also been discovered. The phylogenetic tree revealed that all samples were distantly related to mink astrovirus and were closely related to chicken astroviruses and turkey astroviruses. MK/DL-1, MK/DL-2, MK/SD-1, and MK/SD-2 formed a new clade and were found to be more closely related to astroviruses from birds than to other mink strains, indicating past cross-species transmission and considerable zoonotic potential.     

不同预氧化剂对长江原水氯(胺)化DBPs生成潜能的影响

以取自上海市杨树浦水厂的长江原水为研究对象,对比分析了3种常见预氧化剂二氧化氯(ClO2)、高锰酸钾(KMnO4)及氯(Cl2)预氧化对削减氯化和氯胺化消毒副产物(DBPs)生成潜能的效果情况.氯化培养实验结果表明,3种预氧化剂的处理对DBPs总量的去除效果均不显著,经ClO2、Cl2及KMnO4作用后可分别削减8.4%、5.7%及3.9%,效果为ClO2>Cl2>KMnO4.对于长江原水使用氯化消毒时,采用ClO2作为预氧化剂可取得对消毒副产物较好的去除效果.氯胺化培养实验结果表明,3种预氧化剂处理对长江原水氯胺化DBPs的生成潜能影响有较大差异,经ClO2和KMnO4作用后可分别削减18.1%及4.1%,而预氯化后则增高12.3%,对于长江原水使用氯胺化消毒时,采用ClO2作为预氧化剂可取得对消毒副产物较为明显的去除效果.同时,应尽量避免使用预氯化后加氯胺化的组合,以防止在水处理过程中生成更多的DBPs而影响出水水质.     

Fe3+负载凹凸棒土(Fe/ATP)结构表征及其稳定化修复镉(Cd)机制研究

以凹凸棒土(凹土,ATP)为原料,采用浸渍法制备Fe3+负载凹土(Fe/ATP),表征了其结构与形貌,研究了凹土和Fe/ATP对土壤中镉(Cd)的吸附效果,以浸出浓度作为稳定化评价指标,通过吸附前后凹土和Fe/ATP形貌等特征的变化探讨了稳定化修复Cd机制.结果表明,加入质量比20%的凹土和Fe/ATP,Cd的浸出浓度分别降低了45%和91%,说明Fe/ATP对土壤中Cd有显著的稳定化作用.形貌表征分析表明,凹土主要通过结构中的水、—OH基团和晶格缺陷来稳定Cd,而Fe/ATP对土壤中Cd稳定化作用可能主要来自—OH基团以及Fe—O中桥氧的贡献.凹土与氧化铁均为土壤中天然矿物,廉价易得且环境友好,制备方法简单易实现,该复合材料用于Cd污染土壤的稳定化修复具有较好的应用前景.     

Evaluation of the economic and environmental impact of converting cropland to forest: a case study in Dunhua county, China

The Sloping Land Conversion Program (also known as "Grain for Green" or the Upland Conversion Program) for converting cropland to forest is one of China's most ambitious environmental initiatives, and is one of the world's largest land-conservation programs with a budget of RMB 337 billion (over US$ 40 billion). Although environmental impacts have played a vital role in the general reasoning and argumentation for forest plantations, environmental impact analyses have often received less attention than economic analyses in the planning of plantation forestry projects. The overall goal of this paper is to evaluate the program's environmental impact considering the farmer's interests and the potential social benefits due to carbon sequestration in different scenarios based on household and field survey data in Dunhua County. Our findings are that: (1) in many cases, the program did not give adequate consideration to land productivity and environmental heterogeneity when selecting plots; (2) more than half of the reforestation plots were on flat cropland (slopes of less than 5 degrees ); (3) in five of the eight townships, net incomes on reforested land were substantially above or below previous crop incomes, raising questions about the efficiency of the allocation of compensation to farmers participating in the program; (4) the potential carbon co-benefit increased the NPV of the program by 5954-7009 RMB/ha. In conclusion, we recommend that more attention should be paid to the quality of reforestation programs rather than just their scale and note that consideration of potential carbon sequestration co-benefits enhances the benefits of cropland conversion programs.     

油田含油污水生化处理技术研究及应用

国内油田在原油生产过程中的产出污水,大部分经过处理后作为水驱采油的水源,部分多余的水经过适当处理后排放,对油田周边环境造成污染.1998年国务院颁布了<关于环境保护若干问题的决定>,决定要求,2000年以前,全国所有工业污染源必须达到国家或地方规定的排放标准.     

Monitoring seasonal distribution of an endangered anadromous sturgeon in a large river using environmental DNA

Monitoring dynamic distribution is crucial to conservation management of anadromous sturgeons, but traditional survey methods are less efficient for low-density populations in a large river. Natural propagation of Chinese sturgeon has been monitored annually mainly at the spawning ground using netting for eggs and hydroacoustics for broodstock. However, absence of spawning was observed sporadically in recent years, indicating further crises for the declining population. We analyzed eDNA of water samples collected from 24 sites across 1360 km of the migratory route of anadromous Chinese sturgeon in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Chinese sturgeon was detected at 9 sites during the spawning season and 14 sites after the spawning season. We found that positive eDNA detection rates remained constant in the middle reaches but dramatically changed in the lower reaches, reflecting seasonal migration pattern of Chinese sturgeon. Invasive sturgeons were detected in the river, indicating their possible escape from aquaculture facilities. This study established a protocol for the use of eDNA to monitor distribution of Chinese sturgeon and could be valuable in making better policies for the conservation of this endangered species.