Production of ammonia from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea: Effects of carrier gas composition

Effects of carrier gas composition(N_2/air) on NH_3 production, energy efficiency regarding NH_3 production and byproducts formation from plasma-catalytic decomposition of urea were systematically investigated using an Al_2 O_3-packed dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) reactor at room temperature. Results show that the presence of O_2 in the carrier gas accelerates the conversion of urea but leads to less generation of NH_3. The final yield of NH_3 in the gas phase decreased from 70.5%, 78.7%, 66.6% and 67.2% to 54.1%, 51.7%, 49.6% and 53.4% for applied voltages of 17, 19, 21 and 23 kV, respectively when air was used as the carrier gas instead of N_2.From the viewpoint of energy savings, however, air carrier gas is better than N_2 due to reduced energy consumption and increased energy efficiency for decomposition of a fixed amount of urea. Carrier gas composition has little influence on the major decomposition pathways of urea under the synergetic effects of plasma and Al_2 O_3 catalyst to give NH_3 and CO_2 as the main products. Compared to a small amount of N_2 O formed with N_2 as the carrier gas, however,more byproducts including N_2O and NO_2 in the gas phase and NH_4 NO_3 in solid deposits were produced with air as the carrier gas, probably due to the unproductive consumption of NH_3, the possible intermediate HNCO and even urea by the abundant active oxygen species and nitrogen oxides generated in air-DBD plasma.     

双酚AF胁迫对雄性斑马鱼成鱼甲状腺组织及激素水平的影响

为评价双酚AF(BPAF)的甲状腺毒性,以雄性斑马鱼成鱼为受试模式生物,采用半静态染毒的方式对雄性斑马鱼成鱼染毒14 d(0、5、50和500μg·L~(-1)),分别设置7 d、14 d 2个时间节点,通过酶联免疫法(ELISA)分别检测斑马鱼血浆中总三碘甲腺原氨酸(TT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)的含量水平,并对14 d暴露后斑马鱼甲状腺进行组织学检测分析。结果显示随着暴露浓度的提高,出现甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞增生,滤泡组织变形明显,细胞胶质缺失等病理学变化。雄性斑马鱼在BPAF暴露情况下,血浆中TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4含量随着暴露浓度的提升和时间的延长出现显著上升,呈现出甲状腺功能亢奋的干扰效应。     

还原剂对Ag/Al2O3催化剂上NO还原的影响

在富氧条件下,研究了CH4、C3H8、C 3H6、C8H18、CH 3OH、C2H5OH,以及C3H6与CH3OH、C3H6与C2H5OH组合作还原剂时,在Ag/Al2O3催化剂上NO的还原活性.结果表明,不同碳氢化合物还原NO的活性温度存在较大的差异.SO2的存在会导致CH3OH还原NO的活性提高,而其他碳氢化合物还原NO的活性降低.随着还原剂浓度提高,NOx转化率增大,不过,过高的还原剂浓度对NO还原不利.组合使用CH3OH与C3H6或C2H5OH与C3H6作为还原剂,能显著拓宽活性温度范围.     

Mn的氧化价态对Mn／γ-Al2O3催化剂催化臭氧氧化气相低浓度甲苯的影响

采用共沉淀法,以Al2O3为载体制备Mn／γ-Al2O3和Mn—Ce／Mn／γ-Al2O3催化剂,并分别在N2气氛和O2气氛下焙烧。采用固定床连续流动反应器,研究所制备催化剂在室温条件下催化臭氧氧化甲苯的性能。通过XRD、XPS和FTIR等手段对催化剂的结构和组成进行表征。结果表明,Mn／Mn／γ-Al2O3催化剂具有良好的催化臭氧氧化甲苯和催化臭氧自身分解的性能,共沉淀法制备催化剂的最佳Mn负载量为20％。O2气氛焙烧和Ce的加入,可以有效提高催化剂的活性和寿命。原因是O2气氛焙烧和Ce的加入可以提高Mn的氧化价态。催化剂失活的主要原因是有机副产物在催化剂表面吸附堆积,失活催化剂在550℃、空气气氛下焙烧可恢复催化性能。     

锑和砷对固氮菌的毒性效应及其机制研究

锑作为一种具有毒性和致癌性的类金属,其不合理的开发造成了严重的生态环境污染,尤其是土壤中高浓度锑和砷污染导致了环境中多种营养元素的缺乏。其中,氮素的缺乏严重阻碍了环境的恢复。然而,固氮微生物不仅能为氮素匮乏环境提供稳定的氮素来源,而且其固氮潜能可以作为监测土壤金属污染的敏感指标。为此,该文通过乙炔还原法(ARA)微宇宙培养试验手段,研究了不同价态锑和砷(三价及五价)在不同质量浓度(100、200、500、1 000、2 500、5 000 mg·L^-1)水平下对棕色固氮菌固氮潜能的影响,同时进一步探究了土壤固氮菌群落固氮潜能对土壤中主要锑和砷价态[Sb(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅴ)]的响应机制。结果表明,锑和砷浓度与棕色固氮菌和土壤固氮微生物的固氮潜能均呈显著负相关,验证了以固氮微生物固氮潜能作为生物指示物的可行性。此外,Sb(Ⅴ)对土壤固氮微生物的毒性显著小于As(Ⅴ)。三价锑和砷污染对固氮菌固氮潜能的毒性高于五价[As(Ⅲ)>Sb(Ⅲ)>As(Ⅴ)>Sb(Ⅴ)],这可能是由于Sb(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅲ)对细胞的致裂性强于Sb(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅴ)。相较于Sb(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅴ)对于棕色固氮菌固氮潜能的抑制作用,其对土壤固氮菌群落的固氮潜能的影响相对较弱。这一差异可能是由于土壤复杂的理化性质以及微生物群落和功能多样性而导致的。     

NO conversion by positive streamer discharge—effects of gas compositions and reaction conditions

The effects of gas compositions and reaction conditions on NO conversion by positive streamer discharge were experimentally investigated by using a link tooth wheel-cylinder reactor. The results showed that NO conversion increased with increasing O₂ concentration and NH₃ concentration, but decreased with increasing inlet NO concentration and gas flow rate. The addition of CO₂ or H₂O to the feed gas promoted NO conversion by increasing the maximum discharge voltage, and NH₄NO₃ was formed in the presence of NH₃. There was a most suitable range interval between discharge tooth wheels if both NO conversion and energy consumption were considered. Increasing applied voltage resulted in the increase in the amount of O₃ generated by streamer discharge.     

不同再生水消毒方式对斑马鱼胚胎毒性的影响及其危害分级

以斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试研究海南某污水处理厂出水经氯胺、二氧化氯、次氯酸钠、臭氧和紫外几种消毒处理后对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性。利用胚胎毒性和层次分析法构建危害分级方法及其指标体系,评价消毒危害。研究结果表明:消毒处理前的二沉池出水未产生胚胎发育毒性效应,但经次氯酸钠、氯胺、臭氧、二氧化氯对再生水消毒处理可使斑马鱼胚胎出现卵黄囊异常、心跳减缓、色素沉积减少、孵出延缓和卷尾等毒理反应;不同消毒方式处理的再生水可致斑马鱼胚胎死亡率增加,胚胎毒性依次为:二氧化氯紫外紫外+次氯酸钠=二沉池出水(不消毒)氯胺=紫外+氯胺臭氧次氯酸钠;不同消毒方式的危害分级为:二氧化氯和紫外消毒构成轻微危害,危害等级为I级,紫外+次氯酸钠、紫外+氯胺、氯胺消毒构成中度危害,危害等级为II级,次氯酸钠危害较强,其危害等级为III级;化学消毒剂与紫外线组合消毒可降低再生水消毒的危害。     

Effects of land use types on surface water quality across an anthropogenic disturbance gradient in the upper reach of the Hun River, Northeast China

Surface water quality is vulnerable to pollution due to human activities. The upper reach of the Hun River is an important water source that supplies 52 % of the storage capacity of the Dahuofang Reservoir, the largest reservoir for drinking water in Northeast China, which is suffering from various human-induced changes in land use, including deforestation, reclamation/farming, urbanization and mine exploitation. To investigate the impacts of land use types on surface water quality across an anthropogenic disturbance gradient at a local scale, 11 physicochemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen [DO], turbidity, oxygen redox potential, conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand [BOD₅], chemical oxygen demand [COD], total nitrogen [TN], total phosphorus [TP], NO ₃ ^? -N, and NH ₄ ⁺ -N) of water from 12 sampling sites along the upper reach of the Hun River were monitored monthly during 2009–2010. The sampling sites were classified into four groups (natural, near-natural, more disturbed, and seriously disturbed). The water quality exhibited distinct spatial and temporal characteristics; conductivity, TN, and NO ₃ ^? -N were identified as key parameters indicating the water quality variance. The forest and farmland cover types played significant roles in determining the surface water quality during the low-flow, high-flow, and mean-flow periods based on the results of a stepwise linear regression. These results may provide incentive for the local government to consider sustainable land use practices for water conservation.     

Dephenolization pyrolysis fluid improved physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of saline-alkali soils

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Saline-sodic soil is widely distributed around the world and has induced severe impacts on ecosystems and agriculture. Biomass pyrolysis fluid (BPF),...     

双酚AF暴露对胚胎期和幼鱼期斑马鱼的毒性效应

为明确不同发育阶段的斑马鱼对BPAF(双酚AF)暴露的易感性,采用暴露试验法初步研究了BPAF对胚胎期和幼鱼期斑马鱼的发育毒性. 结果表明:①BPAF暴露可延缓胚胎期斑马鱼的发育和孵化,使其出现心包水肿、卵黄囊异常、心率下降、心脏搏动停止等症状. ②暴露96 h后,ρ(BPAF)为2.0、2.5、3.0 mg/L暴露组胚胎期斑马鱼的畸形率高达100%,暴露24 h致畸的EC₅₀(半数效应浓度)为2.00 mg/L,暴露96 h的LC₅₀(半数致死浓度)为1.84 mg/L. ③暴露72 h后,对照组幼鱼期斑马鱼鱼鳔发育缺陷率为0;除ρ(BPAF)为1.0 mg/L暴露组外,其余BPAF暴露组幼鱼期斑马鱼鱼鳔发育缺陷率为100%. ④随着暴露时间的延长以及中毒程度的加深,幼鱼期斑马鱼出现的中毒症状依次表现为心包水肿、卵黄囊水肿、背脊弯曲、心跳停止,暴露48和72 h时其心包水肿的EC₅₀分别为1.76、1.56 mg/L,暴露96 h的LC₅₀为1.77 mg/L. 胚胎期和幼鱼期斑马鱼对BPAF暴露响应的差异分析显示,幼鱼期斑马鱼对BPAF暴露的反应更为敏感,幼鱼期斑马鱼的心包水肿症状可作为BPAF毒性响应的最佳指标之一.