矿化垃圾固定床吸附过程和穿透曲线预测

以轴向扩散模型和恒定图式假设为基础,推导出了适用于预测固定床穿透曲线的积分模型.通过动态循环法对苯酚和对氯苯酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附行为进行了研究,采用Freundlich等温吸附方程描述穿透曲线,并得到了便于应用的代数模型.通过不同条件下固定床实验来确认模型,结果证实模型可以很好地描述穿透曲线.同时讨论了操作参数和矿化垃圾特性对穿透曲线的影响,结果表明,较低的进料浓度和进料流量以及内扩散和轴向扩散的影响都会造成实际穿透曲线与预测穿透曲线之间的偏差.     

Physical characterization of aerosol particles during the Chinese New Year’s firework events

Measurements for particles 10 nm to 10 μm were taken using a Wide-range Particle Spectrometer during the Chinese New Year (CNY) celebrations in 2009 in Shanghai, China. These celebrations provided an opportunity to study the number concentration and size distribution of particles in an especial atmospheric pollution situation due to firework displays. The firework activities had a clear contribution to the number concentration of small accumulation mode particles (100–500 nm) and PM₁ mass concentration, with a maximum total number concentration of 3.8 × 10⁴ cm^?3. A clear shift of particles from nucleation and Aitken mode to small accumulation mode was observed at the peak of the CNY firework event, which can be explained by reduced atmospheric lifetimes of smaller particles via the concept of the coagulation sink. High particle density (2.7 g cm^?3) was identified as being particularly characteristic of the firework aerosols. Recalculated fine particles PM₁ exhibited on average above 150 μg m^?3 for more than 12 hours, which was a health risk to susceptible individuals. Integral physical parameters of firework aerosols were calculated for understanding their physical properties and further model simulation.     

覆盖土催化甲烷生物氧化的材料优选与动力学模型

填埋场覆盖材料在甲烷减排中起至关重要的作用,但覆盖材料的筛选及其生物特性的有效评估仍存在困难。以重庆地区填埋场覆盖土为甲烷氧化材料建立反应器,通过材料复配和含水量等影响因子优化手段强化了氧化效果,最大甲烷氧化效率高达32.40 mol·（d·m2） -1。以经典Monod方程和固定床轴向扩散模型为基础,推演了反应器中甲烷的迁移转化过程,以稳态方程对监测结果拟合,结果十分理想（R2=0.94~0.99）,能够较好地描述甲烷在反应器中的扩散和氧化过程。甲烷浓度为13%~28%时,推演半饱和常数KS为0.007~0.016 g·L-1,与以往报道（KS为0.06~2.07 g·L-1）相比表明该覆盖材料对甲烷有较强的亲和氧化能力。该研究成果为覆盖材料的优选和生物特性评估提供了指导。     

Migration behavior and in-situ bioremediation of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent in vadose zone: a review北大核心CSCD

It is of great significance for in-situ bioremediation to clarify the migration behavior and biodegradation laws of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents (CHS) in the vadose zone. We systematically summarized the phase distribution of CHS, the interaction between different phases, and the migration characteristics and clarified the evolution rules of CHS under different phases in the polluted vadose zone. CHS exists in the vadose zone as the NAPL, dissolved phase, adsorbed phase, gas phase, and other phases, where there are three decay evolution stages: early, middle, and late stages. Phase change and diffusion matrix size are important indicators at different stages; at the same time, gas, solid, liquid and NAPL phase CHS have a variety of interactive relationships in the vadose zone. Subsequently, the characteristics of the three main biological metabolic pathways of CHS in the vadose zone–aerobic co-metabolism, direct oxidation and anaerobic reduction, and dechlorination–and their influencing factors were summarized. Generally speaking, the anaerobic dechlorination capacity decreases with a decrease in the number of chlorine atoms, whereas the aerobic degradation capacity increases with a decrease in the number of chlorine atoms. The current status of in-situ remediation of CHS in the vadose zone was summarized using biostimulation and bioaugmentation methods, indicating that adding nutrient substances and injecting anaerobic dechlorination strains of Dehalococcoides are effective means of remediation. Simultaneously, the factors influencing the biodegradation of CHS in the vadose zone were elaborated to acquire a systematic insight into the significance of redox characteristics (oxygen) on the degradation of CHS. Finally, research on the biodegradation of CHS in the vadose zone is prospected, and it is necessary to carry out research on the interactive relationship between different phases of CHS, the data monitoring of CHS, the structure of the functional bacterial community, and research and development of active strains to provide theoretical guidance for the in-situ remediation of CHS in the vadose zone. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

生物强化方式对生物转盘处理养殖废水效果及生物多样性的影响

畜禽养殖废水污染物浓度高、生物毒性大,导致传统生物处理工艺难以满足达标排放要求.为探究高效的畜禽养殖废水处理工艺,采用生物转盘作为主体工艺,利用异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌（简称\"HN-AD菌\"）为生物强化菌剂,对比了强化污泥挂膜和菌剂挂膜两种不同生物强化方式下该工艺在启动时间、碳耗、能耗、真实废水处理效果及微生物多样性方面的差异,以确定最佳生物强化方式.结果表明:①模拟废水试验中,菌剂挂膜反应器启动时间（19 d）明显短于强化污泥挂膜（33 d）,参数优化后发现,在相同处理效果下,前者碳耗、能耗较后者分别低48.22%、33.33%.②真实废水处理试验中,菌剂挂膜反应器的COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、TN平均去除率较后者分别高7.11%、26.97%、29.14%.③在微生物多样性方面,菌剂挂膜体系中Comamonas（丛毛单胞菌属）相对丰度是强化污泥挂膜体系的10倍左右,推测Comamonas可能是在异养硝化好氧反硝化过程中发挥关键作用的菌属.④SEM观察发现菌剂挂膜生物转盘盘片上的生物膜更薄,但HN-AD优势菌富集程度更高.研究显示,菌剂挂膜反应器对模拟废水、真实废水的处理效果均优于强化污泥挂膜反应器,且效果更稳定.      

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fog-rain events

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mainly originate from incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of materials containing carbon and hydrogen. They exist in gas and particle phases, as well as dissolved or suspended in precipitation (fog or rain). Current studies in atmospheric PAHs are predominantly focused on fog and rainwater samples. Some sampling difficulties are associated with fog samples. This study presented the first observation of the characteristics of PAHs in fog samples using a solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique. Eighteen fog samples were collected during ten fog events from March to December 2009 in the Shanghai area. PAHs were extracted by SPME and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As the compounds were partially soluble in water, with solubility decreasing with increasing molecular weight, low molecular weight (LMW) PAH compounds were universally found in the fog water samples. Naphthalene (NaP), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant) and fluoranthene (Flo) were dominant compounds in fog water. The total PAH concentration in fog water ranged from 0.03 to 6.67 μg L(-1) (mean of 1.06 μg L(-1)), and was much higher in winter than in summer. The concentration of PAHs in fog or rain water decreased after undergoing a pre-rain or pre-fog wash. The average concentration of PAHs was higher in fog than in rain. Diagnostic ratio analysis suggested that petroleum and combustion were the dominant contributors to PAHs in urban Shanghai. Backward trajectories were calculated to determine the origin of the air masses, showing that air masses were mostly from the northeast territory.