关于“十四五”生态环境监测支撑能力提升的思路与目标

生态环境监测是推进国家生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要支撑。党中央、国务院高度重视监测事业发展,将生态环境监测纳入生态文明改革的大局统筹推进。"十四五"时期,生态文明改革持续深入,生态环境治理将向精准治污、科学治污、依法治污转变,生态环境监测面临着全新的压力与挑战。因此,笔者以习近平生态文明思想为指导,按照"面向发展、服务公众、智慧监测、精准支撑"的原则,针对大气、地表水、土壤、地下水、生态等重点领域,提出了"十四五"时期生态环境监测的重点目标任务,为生态文明和美丽中国建设提供技术支撑。     

应用紫外/氯组合工艺去除微污染原水中氨氮的特性研究

针对饮用水中氨氮超标对环境造成的污染问题,采用紫外/氯组合工艺对饮用水中氨氮进行降解研究.结果表明,紫外/氯高级氧化工艺可以有效去除水中氨氮.一方面,自由氯和氨氮之间发生取代反应将氨氮转化为氯胺,254 nm紫外光可有效裂解N—Cl键,一氯胺在254 nm处的摩尔吸光系数为354 L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),量子产率为0.68 mol·E~(-1);另一方面,自由氯光解产生的自由基可直接氧化氨氮.随着紫外辐照剂量的增加,氨氮和总溶解性氮(TN)的浓度逐渐减少,当紫外辐照剂量达到1000 mJ·cm~(-2)时,氨氮(起始浓度2 mg·L~(-1))和TN的去除率分别为53%和35%,相比单独氯化条件下分别提高了20%和15%.随着Cl_2/N的增加,氨氮和TN的浓度逐渐减小,当Cl_2/N≥1.6时,紫外/氯组合工艺对氨氮的去除率接近100%,当Cl_2/N1.6时,紫外/氯工艺对TN的去除率相比单独氯化工艺提高了30%左右.此外,氨氮去除率随pH升高而增加,而TN去除率随pH升高而降低.本研究结果可为紫外/氯组合工艺在水厂中的实际应用提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

Hybrid energy harvesting systems for self-powered sustainable water purification by harnessing ambient energy

● Energy harvesters harness multiple energies for self-powered water purification. ● Hybrid energy harvesters enable continuous output under fluctuating conditions. ● Mechanical, thermal, and solar energies enable synergic harvesting. ● Perspectives of hybrid energy harvester-driven water treatment are proposed. The development of self-powered water purification technologies for decentralized applications is crucial for ensuring the provision of drinking water in resource-limited regions. The elimination of the dependence on external energy inputs and the attainment of self-powered status significantly expands the applicability of the treatment system in real-world scenarios. Hybrid energy harvesters, which convert multiple ambient energies simultaneously, show the potential to drive self-powered water purification facilities under fluctuating actual conditions. Here, we propose recent advancements in hybrid energy systems that simultaneously harvest various ambient energies (e.g., photo irradiation, flow kinetic, thermal, and vibration) to drive water purification processes. The mechanisms of various energy harvesters and point-of-use water purification treatments are first outlined. Then we summarize the hybrid energy harvesters that can drive water purification treatment. These hybrid energy harvesters are based on the mechanisms of mechanical and photovoltaic, mechanical and thermal, and thermal and photovoltaic effects. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential for advancing beyond the current state-of-the-art of hybrid energy harvester-driven water treatment processes. Future endeavors should focus on improving catalyst efficiency and developing sustainable hybrid energy harvesters to drive self-powered treatments under unstable conditions (e.g., fluctuating temperatures and humidity).     

粉尘灾害领域国家自然科学基金资助情况分析

为分析粉尘灾害领域基金资助情况,利用基金委电子查询系统提供的数据,从资助项数、资助金额和依托单位等方面研究了1986—2016年该领域资助情况。结果表明:年资助项数和年项均资助金额总体上呈逐渐上升趋势,在依托单位中,来自985/211院校、普通院校、中科院系统和其他研究机构的比例为36∶29∶3∶5,获准立项5项及以上单位有7家;项目申请有逐渐集中于安全科学与工程（E0410）的趋势;粉尘燃爆机理、规律、特征,粉尘运移与沉降、电除尘、袋式除尘（含过滤）和水雾除尘等是以往研究热点内容。资助项目类别以面上项目为主,资助项目所属地区以北京、辽宁、江苏和山东为主。     

Periodically hydrologic alterations decouple the relationships between physicochemical variables and chlorophyll-a in a dam-induced urban lake

Periodically hydrologic alterations driven by seasonal change and water storage capacity management strongly modify physicochemical properties and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and their interactions in dam-induced lakes. However, the extent and magnitude of these changes still remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the effects of periodically hydrologic alterations on physicochemical variables and Chl-a in the dam-induced urban Hanfeng Lake, upstream of Three Gorges Reservoir. Shifts in Chl-a and 13 physicochemical variables were recorded monthly in the lake from January 2013 to December 2014. Chl-a was neither seasonal nor inter-annual differences while a few physical variables such as flow velocity (V) exhibited significantly seasonal variabilities, and chemical variables like total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved silica (DSi) were markedly inter-annual differences. Higher TN:TP (40:1) and lower NO₃-N:DSi (0.8:1) relative to balanced stoichiometric ratios suggested changes in composition of phytoplankton communities and potentially increased proportion of diatom in Hanfeng Lake. Chl-a was predicable by combination of dissolved oxygen (DO), TN and DSi in dry season, and by V alone in wet season. During the whole study period, Chl-a was solely negatively correlated with TN:TP, indicating decline in N concentration and increase in P could therefore increase Chl-a. Our results highlight pronounced decoupling of linkages between Chl-a and physicochemical variables affected by periodically hydrologic alterations in dam-induced aquatic systems.     

发达国家和地区生态环境监测发展经历对中国的启示

新形势下,中国生态环境监测面临新任务和新挑战,迫切需要明确发展思路和方向。因此,从环境监测管理体系、业务体系、标准方法体系等方面,举例浅析了美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区环境监测业务的发展现状,并从法制建设、体系优化、方法标准等方面对比分析了中国与发达国家和地区的差异及不足,总结归纳了适用于中国国情的先进经验与启示。在此基础上,初步研判了当前和今后一段时期中国生态环境监测的发展方向,并提出了相关建议,为加快推动实现中国生态环境监测的跨越式发展提供参考和借鉴。     

农村村落地表灰尘磁化率特征及环境意义——以商丘市毛堌堆镇为例

通过对商丘市毛堌堆镇若干村落地表灰尘磁化率进行测试,对比自然村落和集聚村落地表灰尘磁化率、集聚村落与城市地表灰尘磁化率,以及探究集聚村落内部地表灰尘磁化率差异,定量研究农村村落的地表灰尘磁化率特征。结果表明:灰尘磁化率(Xlf)变幅为50.12×10~(-8)~266.97×10~(-8) m~3/kg,平均值为115.51×10~(-8) m~3/kg;频率磁化率(Xfd%)变幅为0.93%~5.97%,平均值为2.73%;磁化率与频率磁化率呈负相关关系,表明地表灰尘磁化率升高主要受人为活动影响;集聚村落地表灰尘磁化率大于自然村落但小于城市;集聚村落中心地表灰尘磁化率大于外围;灰尘磁化率值与村落规模呈正相关。农村地表灰尘磁化率可以揭示各农村村落地表灰尘污染状况。     

玄武湖菹草种群空间格局分析及其环境效应

大型水生植物的分布格局与空间尺度有着密切关系,传统的分析方法只能分析一种尺度下的格局。引入点格局分析,以种群空间分布坐标点图为基础,分析各种尺度下的种群格局。运用点格局分析对玄武湖菹草种群的空间分布格局进行研究,并结合N、P等水质指标探讨其环境效应。结果表明,玄武湖菹草种群分布集群特征明显,且在尺度232~344m内聚集最为明显。从水质监测结果看,菹草种群有利于改善水体环境,无种群区的TN、TP和NO3-N浓度明显高于有种群区;溶解氧(DO)则表现为有种群区高于无种群区。菹草在空间分布上的明显规律性,会进一步导致水质参数的空间异质性。     

菏泽市秋冬季PM2.5水溶性离子化学特征分析

为深入研究菏泽市秋冬季PM_2.5中水溶性离子污染特征,于2017年10月15日-2018年1月31日对菏泽市3个监测点同步进行PM_2.5的采集和分析,分析探讨了不同污染程度下ρ（PM_2.5）及水溶性离子化学特征.结果表明:①菏泽市秋冬季PM_2.5呈区域污染特征.②整个观测期间,ρ（PM_2.5）范围为26.72~284.10 μg/m3,平均值为103.27 μg/m3,其中水溶性离子对ρ（PM_2.5）贡献率较大,为44.65%~49.87%;SNA（NO₃-、NH₄+、SO₄2-的统称）的占比较高,SNA占总水溶性离子质量浓度的86.88%,说明二次气溶胶为菏泽市大气PM_2.5中的重要组成部分.③SNA三角图解和水溶性离子相关性结果表明,采样期间大气中NO₃-、SO₄2-可能以NH₄NO₃、（NH₄）₂SO₄形式存在;ρ（Cl-）与ρ（K+）相关性较高（清洁天和污染天的相关系数分别为0.79和0.81）,由此推测Cl-与K+具有同源性,二者主要源于生物质燃烧.④重度及以上污染天的SOR（硫氧化率）和NOR（氮氧化率）分别为0.54和0.37,分别是清洁天的2.08和2.06倍;轻/中污染天的SOR和NOR分别为0.37和0.29,分别是清洁天的1.42和1.61倍.随着污染程度的加重,SO₂和NO₂向SO₄2-和NO₃-的二次转化增强.重污染日SOR、NOR和相对湿度均大于清洁天和轻/中度污染天,而温度则未表现出相似的变化趋势,说明非均相反应是菏泽市秋冬季SO₄2-和NO₃-形成的重要原因.研究显示,菏泽市污染呈区域性污染特征,二次气溶胶是菏泽市大气PM_2.5的重要组成部分,污染天ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NH₄+）均与相对湿度呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,均与温度呈负相关,表明在污染天高湿低温对SO₂、NO₂转化为SO₄2-、NO₃-有推动作用.