长三角地区秸秆焚烧污染物排放清单及其在重霾污染天气模拟中的应用

根据2008年长三角地区江苏、安徽、浙江3省各地级市及上海市水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜4种农作物的年产量,结合谷草比、秸秆焚烧比例及排放因子建立了长三角地区秸秆焚烧大气污染物排放清单.结果表明：长三角地区秸秆焚烧产生的PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、EC、OC分别为36.8×104、14.4×104、1.5×104、9.2×104、20.8×104、2.6×104、12.2×104t.秸秆焚烧污染物排放量较大的区域主要集中在江苏中北部和安徽北部.在区域大气环境模拟系统RegAEMS中考虑秸秆焚烧源的影响,针对2008年10月底江苏一次重霾污染天气事件进行模拟,发现考虑秸秆焚烧源后模拟结果有较大的改善.秸秆焚烧可以导致区域PM10、CO浓度上升30%以上,黑碳和有机物的消光贡献明显增强.区域输送研究表明,苏中地区、外省秸秆焚烧排放源对此次重霾污染的贡献分别达到32.4%、33.3%.     

Visual range trends in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China, 1981-2005

Visual range (VR) data from 1981 to 2005 were examined for 20 meteorological monitoring sites in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China. Cumulative percentile analysis was used to construct VR trend. The 25-yr average domain-average 50% VR was approximately 21.9 +/- 1.9 km. Domain-average 50% VR decreased from 1981 to 2005 with a trend of -2.41 km/decade. The worst 20% and 50% and best 20% VR and variation rates for the 20 sites were analyzed. The 50% VR of the town, county-level city, and prefecture-level city sites were 24.1, 21.5, and 19.4 km, respectively. The best 20% VR decreased fastest with a rate of -3.5 km/decade. Regional median VR decreased from the coastal sites to the inland sites. Ridit analysis and cumulative percentile were adopted to study the VR variation properties between economically developed areas (e.g., Nanjing and Hangzhou) and remote areas (e.g., Lvsi). The two analyses show that VR decreased in Nanjing and Hangzhou but remained constant in Lvsi from 1981 to 2005.     

Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic, mercury and other metals in urban street dusts from a mega-city, Nanjing, China

The oral bioaccessibility and the human health risks of As, Hg and other metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Mn, V and Fe) in urban street dusts from different land use districts in Nanjing (a mega-city), China were investigated. Both the total contents and the oral bioaccessibility estimated by the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) of the studied elements varied with street dusts from different land use districts. Cd, Zn, Mn, Pb, Hg and As showed high bioaccessibility. SBET-extractable contents of elements were significantly correlated with their total contents and the dust properties (pH, organic matter contents). The carcinogenic risk probability for As and Cr to children and adults were under the acceptable level (<1 × 10⁻⁴). Hazard Quotient values for single elements and Hazard Index values for all studied elements suggested potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children, but not to adults.     

中国地区大气汞的干沉降速度

借助箱模式对汞的干沉降过程进行敏感性分析,并利用区域大气环境模式系统RegAEMS计算中国地区汞干沉降速度的时空分布特征。结果表明,森林下垫面下三类汞（气态零价汞、活性气态汞和颗粒态汞）的干沉降速度较大( 0.13、4.5和0.45 cm·s^-1),水体表面上的相对较小（0.0012,0.5和0.11 cm·s^-1）。敏感性分析发现,三类汞的干沉降速度随着近地层风速增加;降水或者地表湿度降低会导致零价汞和活性气态汞干沉降速度增加;雪盖厚度会减小气态零价汞的干沉降速度而增加活性气态汞的干沉降速度。三类汞的干沉降速度在区域上分布类似,东北以及南部地区最高,华东地区最小。季节变化上,气态零价汞、活性气态汞的干沉降速度在多数下垫面都夏季最大,冬季最小;颗粒态汞季节变化不明显。