水稻与棉花秸秆不同预处理厌氧发酵产沼气

以猪粪为接种物,以棉花秸秆和水稻秸秆为发酵原料,分别对秸秆进行稀碱法预处理和稀碱法与超声波联合预处理,在发酵温度为(37±1)℃的条件下进行厌氧发酵产沼气的研究。结果表明,以联合预处理的秸秆为发酵原料,厌氧发酵的各项指标均比以稀碱预处理秸秆发酵的效果好,其中累积产气量和沼气中甲烷含量分别提高35.23%和2.4%,发酵后TS、VS含量相对减少2.6%～10.94%,发酵液代谢产物中的有机酸丙酮酸、乙酸和柠檬酸含量相对减少23.9%～25.9%、20.24%～24.53%和41.08%～45.91%。     

单级与二级BAF工艺除碳硝化效能的对比研究

在总曝气量、HRT、水温、进水水质相同的条件下,对比研究了单级(BAF C/N)和二级曝气生物液池(BAF C+N)处理生活污水的除碳硝化效能。结果表明,将除碳和硝化分级有利于提高BAF工艺的处理效能。分级后,C柱较C/N柱具有更高的COD去除容积负荷,且出水COD浓度稳定低于50 mg/L;二级BAF工艺出水NH4+-N浓度由单级BAF的5～12 mg/L降至5 mg/L以下,且N柱在pH<6.3时依然能够进行硝化;N柱中下部具有较高的微生物活性,平均比耗氧速率为32 mg O2/(g VAS·h)。二级BAF中C柱的反冲洗周期和强度与单级BAF相同,而N柱的反冲洗周期则延长至5～7 d,能够降低反冲洗能耗和用水量。     

磁性海泡石吸附Cr(VI)特性及动力学

采用化学共沉淀法合成磁性海泡石,通过静态吸附实验研究磁性海泡石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性及其动力学。结果表明,磁性海泡石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附在90 min内即可达到平衡;体系的初始pH是影响磁性海泡石吸附Cr(Ⅵ)性能的重要因素;当废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的初始浓度为50 mg/L时,磁性海泡石的适宜投加量为10 g/L;随反应温度的升高,磁性海泡石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量增加;温度为25、35和45℃时,磁性海泡石对Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附量分别为3.32、3.72、4.08 mg/g;吸附动力学曲线可以用拟二级反应动力学模型拟合;内扩散和液膜扩散联合控制Cr(Ⅵ)在磁性海泡石上的吸附过程,其中内扩散的控速作用大于液膜扩散。     

Emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) during aerobic decomposition of food wastes

Food wastes collected from typical urban residential communities were investigated for the emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) during laboratory-controlled aerobic decomposition in an incubator for a period of 41 days. Emission of VOSCs from the food wastes totaled 409.9 mg kg^?1 (dry weight), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methyl 2-propenyl disulfide, carbonyl sulfide and methyl 1-propenyl sulfide were the five most abundant VOSCs, with shares of 75.5%, 13.5%, 4.8%, 2.2% and 1.3% in total 15 VOSCs released, respectively. The emission fluxes of major VOSCs were very low at the beginning (day 0). They peaked at days 2–4 and then decreased sharply until they leveled off after 10 days of incubation. For most VOSCs, over 95% of their emission occurred in the first 10 days. The time series of VOSC emission fluxes, as well as their significant correlation with internal food waste temperature (p < 0.05) during incubation, suggested that production of VOSC species was induced mainly by microbial activities during the aerobic decomposition instead of as inherited. Released VOSCs accounted for 5.3% of sulfur content in the food wastes, implying that during aerobic decomposition considerable portion of sulfur in food wastes would be released into the atmosphere as VOSCs, primarily as DMDS, which is very short-lived in the atmosphere and thus usually less considered in the sources and sinks of reduced sulfur gases.     

限氮和限磷对活性污泥合成聚羟基烷酸的影响

聚羟基烷酸(PHA)是微生物在不平衡营养条件下贮存的一种胞内聚合物,限磷和限氮两种方式均有助于活性污泥中的混合菌群合成PHA,研究考察了两种不同方式下活性污泥合成PHA的情况。实验结果表明,当C∶N为125时,活性污泥中PHA的合成量达到细胞干重的59%;当C∶P为750时,活性污泥积累的最大PHA含量占细胞干重的37%,说明限氮和限磷两种方式对活性污泥合成PHA均有很大影响,且限氮方式更有效。     

PVA降解菌的复配组合及其紫外诱变处理的研究

对已筛选出的4株PVA降解菌进行不同的组合后测定PVA降解率,发现Z5与Z8菌株混合后在1周内对PVA的去除率达到了所有组合中的最高值52.07%,比单菌株提高了约22%。采用紫外照射的方法对混合菌进行诱变并利用正交实验研究其特性,结果表明,诱变后的混合菌在1周内降解了91.46%的PVA,并且碳源浓度对酶活的影响最为显著。当pH为7,碳源、氮源含量分别为1.5 g/L、0.6 g/L,NaC l浓度为1.5 g/L时,诱变菌株处于最佳生长状态。     

污泥水解蛋白液对食用菌生长的影响研究

将污泥(食品工厂污泥)经过酸碱水解制备水解蛋白液(肽类和氨基酸复合物,属于微生物蛋白)、并与豆粕(植物蛋白)、屠宰厂动物羽毛(动物蛋白)水解蛋白液、以及常规食用菌氮源麸皮、大米制糖厂米渣作为平菇栽培氮源或营养添加剂,测试对平菇的菌丝生长、产量和生物转化率的影响。结果表明,几种水解蛋白液对平菇的菌丝生长、产量、生物转化率影响明显,污泥水解蛋白液对菌丝的生长效果最好,其余2种水解蛋白液也有促进作用。添加污泥水解蛋白液最高产量可达806 g/袋,添加豆粕水解蛋白液的最高产量为532 g/袋,添加屠宰厂动物羽毛水解蛋白液的产最高量为525 g/袋;对照为480 g/袋(常规棉籽壳)。生物转化率分别为161.2%、106.4%和105.0%,而对照生物转化率为96%;增产率分别为67.92%、10.83%和9.38%。因此,污泥、豆粕、屠宰厂动物羽毛蛋白水解液可提高平菇产量,该研究也为污泥资源化利用建立了基础。     

采油废水回注处理技术的现状及展望

阐述了目前采油废水回注处理的技术及工艺现状,重点探讨了膜分离技术在采油废水回注处理中的研究及应用情况,分析了各技术存在的问题,并展望了采油废水回注处理技术的发展趋势。     

Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) in biosolids from municipal wastewater treatment plants in China

Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) along with methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) have been frequently identified as natural compounds in marine environment and also assumed as metabolites of PBDEs. In the present study, nine OH-PBDE, nine MeO-PBDE and 10 PBDE congeners were studied in the sewage sludge collected from 36 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 27 cities of China. The results suggest that OH-PBDEs and PBDEs are ubiquitous in sewage sludge in China, however, methoxylated PBDEs were not detectable. Composition profiles of detected OH-PBDE congeners were different depending on the sampling location. ΣOH-PBDEs in WWTPs sludge ranged from 0.04 to 2.24 ng g^?1 dry weight (mean: 0.35 ng g^?1 dry weight). The total amount of the two most prominent congeners (6-OH-BDE-47 + 2′-OH-BDE-68) accounted for about 53.3–100% of the sum of all six identified congeners. A significant linear relationship was found between 6-OH-BDE-47 and 2′-OH-BDE-68. A distinct geographical distribution of ΣOH-PBDEs was observed with greater concentrations of OH-PBDEs at coastal areas than inland regions in China.