矿井下着火点位置数值模拟研究

矿井煤炭自燃是煤矿五大自然灾害之一,而煤炭自燃隐蔽着火点位置的确定是解决煤炭自燃问题的关键。本文结合实际情况将火源位置的确定问题归结为热传导方程的寻源反问题。在理想状态下,把煤矿井下热传导的三维模型简化为二维模型,建立热传导方程及初始条件和边界条件,在matlab中编制了有限差分程序对井下着火点的温度场进行了正反演模拟。数值模拟结果表明:该方法能够较准确地反演出火源的特性,并随着离散化程度的提高,离散解逐渐逼近真实解。通过本文的数值模拟我们得知有限差分法求解热传导寻源反演的方法是解决矿井隐蔽火源发火点位置的有效途径之一,对矿井防、灭火研究具有较高的理论和实际应用价值。     

Reaction mechanism of arsenic capture by a calcium-based sorbent during the combustion of arsenic-contaminated biomass: A pilot-scale experience

Pilot-scale combustion is required to treat arsenic-enriched biomass in China. CaO addition to arsenic-enriched biomass reduces arsenic emission. CaO captures arsenic via chemical adsorption to form Ca₃(AsO₄)₂. Large quantities of contaminated biomass due to phytoremediation were disposed through combustion in low-income rural regions of China. This process provided a solution to reduce waste volume and disposal cost. Pilot-scale combustion trials were conducted for in site disposal at phytoremediation sites. The reaction mechanism of arsenic capture during pilot-scale combustion should be determined to control the arsenic emission in flue gas. This study investigated three Pteris vittata L. biomass with a disposal capacity of 600 kg/d and different arsenic concentrations from three sites in China. The arsenic concentration in flue gas was greater than that of the national standard in the trial with no emission control, and the arsenic concentration in biomass was 486 mg/kg. CaO addition notably reduced arsenic emission in flue gas, and absorption was efficient when CaO was mixed with biomass at 10% of the total weight. For the trial with 10% CaO addition, arsenic recovery from ash reached 76%, which is an ~8-fold increase compared with the control. Synchrotron radiation analysis confirmed that calcium arsenate is the dominant reaction product.     

中国通识教育实践模式述评

近年来,在多年实施素质教育的基础上,通识教育热在中国大陆悄然兴起.通过对中国通识教育实践历程进行了梳理,对初具雏形的北大模式、复旦模式、顺德职院模式进行了评述.     

Öko-Audit eines Bio-Agrar-Betriebes

Environmental impacts of a farm which is managed in accordance with ecological criteria is assessed. To this end the ecoaudit ordinance of the European Union 1836/93/EWG is used as guiding principle. This article focuses on methods and results of the impact assessment (chapter 2, 3) and the recommendations derived from that (chapter 4). Before that, objectives of investigation (chapter 1.1), key topics of the assessment ordinance are summarised (chapter 1.2), and finally the farm and the main fields of investigation are described (chapter 1.3). The density of complex hedge rows, as one from 21 assessment criteria, exceeds the limit of tolerance. The investigation underlines the need for further methodological harmonisation.     

Ozon in Waldökosystemen aus atmosphärenchemischer und pflanzenphysiologischer Sicht

The trend of rising ozone concentrations in forest ecosystems and the phytotoxicity of ozone demand a realistic risk assessment according to an internationally accepted and flux-based quality standard. Ozone fluxes within the canopy are influenced by chemical gas-phase reactions with nitrogen oxide and biogenic hydrocarbons and by surface deposition processes. Therefore, a differentiation of the ozone flux within the canopy is needed between stomatal uptake and other transport pathways. The Eddy Covariance technique is the method of choice for the determination of trace gas fluxes relevant for ozone chemistry. This method is also used for stomatal conductance measurements based on evapotranspiration fluxes and for emission measurements of biogenic hydrocarbons by PTR-MS. Although considerably research efforts were directed to canopy measurements in recent years, the underlying processes are not fully understood yet. Thus, major differences occur in the ratios of stomatal ozone uptake, non-stomatal deposition and gas-phase chemistry between different studies. Furthermore, the vertical concentration gradients within the canopy measured at several forest sites are rather inconsistent and the existing deposition models do rarely account for chemical transformation and detoxification processes. Only a simultaneous measurement of all photochemically relevant trace gases, plant physiological parameters at different sites and forest species over entire vegetation periods, and model parameterization according to the measurement results from the experimental sites will contribute to the clarification of the canopy processes and will ensure realistic risk assessments.     

施肥及种植作物对汞污染土壤中微生物生态的修复

以中性紫色土为材料，通过向土壤添加氯化汞的模拟培养试验、施肥试验以及作物栽培试验，研究了汞对土壤中微生物区系和重要微生物生理群繁育的毒害效应。结果表明，向土壤中添加HgCl2，总体上抑制了细菌、真菌、放线菌及氨化细菌的繁育，硝化细菌、自生固氮菌、纤维素降解菌在一定质量分数范围内被汞刺激增长，在另一定质量分数段则被汞抑制。施肥和栽种作物削弱了汞对微生物的毒害，使土壤微生物生态得到一定程度的修复，说明利用农业措施修复汞污染的土壤是可行的。栽种作物时，汞对微生物的抑制效应受到掩蔽，作物产量和植株体内汞含量是汞污染程度的良好指标。以微生物和植物对汞污染的反应，基本一致的HgCl2危害质量分数指标是5mg．kg^-1。