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451.
Diaz-Loya EI Allouche EN Eklund S Joshi AR Kupwade-Patil K 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(8):1521-1527
Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is a common and effective practice to reduce the volume of solid waste in urban areas. However, the byproduct of this process is a fly ash (IFA), which contains large quantities of toxic contaminants. The purpose of this research study was to analyze the chemical, physical and mechanical behaviors resulting from the gradual introduction of IFA to an alkaline activated coal fly ash (CFA) matrix, as a mean of stabilizing the incinerator ash for use in industrial construction applications, where human exposure potential is limited. IFA and CFA were analyzed via X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Inductive coupled plasma (ICP) to obtain a full chemical analysis of the samples, its crystallographic characteristics and a detailed count of the eight heavy metals contemplated in US Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR). The particle size distribution of IFA and CFA was also recorded. EPA's Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was followed to monitor the leachability of the contaminants before and after the activation. Also images obtained via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), before and after the activation, are presented. Concrete made from IFA, CFA and IFA-CFA mixes was subjected to a full mechanical characterization; tests include compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and setting time. The leachable heavy metal contents (except for Se) were below the maximum allowable limits and in many cases even below the reporting limit. The leachable Chromium was reduced from 0.153 down to 0.0045 mg/L, Arsenic from 0.256 down to 0.132 mg/L, Selenium from 1.05 down to 0.29 mg/L, Silver from 0.011 down to .001 mg/L, Barium from 2.06 down to 0.314 mg/L and Mercury from 0.007 down to 0.001 mg/L. Although the leachable Cd exhibited an increase from 0.49 up to 0.805 mg/L and Pd from 0.002 up to 0.029 mg/L, these were well below the maximum limits of 1.00 and 5.00 mg/L, respectively. 相似文献
452.
Taylor Jason J. Lawler James P. Aronsson Mora Barry Tom Bjorkman Anne D. Christensen Tom Coulson Stephen J. Cuyler Christine Ehrich Dorothee Falk Knud Franke Alastair Fuglei Eva Gillespie Mark A. Heiðmarsson Starri Høye Toke Jenkins Liza K. Ravolainen Virve Smith Paul A. Wasowicz Pawel Schmidt Niels Martin 《Ambio》2020,49(3):833-847
Ambio - This review provides a synopsis of the main findings of individual papers in the special issue Terrestrial Biodiversity in a Rapidly Changing Arctic. The special issue was developed to... 相似文献
453.
Tomáš Chuman Jakub Hruška Filip Oulehle Pavla Gürtlerová Vladimír Majer 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(7):5683-5701
In this study, we investigated the relationships between stream water chemistry and watershed characteristics (topography—mean altitude and slope; climate—mean annual temperature and precipitation; geology—geochemical reactivity; land cover; inhabitation—population density, road density and number of municipalities). We analyzed the concentrations of the major anions (Cl, F, NO3, SO4, SiO2), cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe, Al), trace elements (Li, Sr, Cu), ABS245, TDP (total dissolved phosphorus), pH, and conductivity at 3,220 diverse watersheds covering a wide variety of watershed characteristics in the Czech Republic. We used marginal and partial multivariate analyses to reveal the most important variables. The partial analysis showed that only 14 % of the variance could be assigned to a specific factor and that 41 % of the variance is shared among the factors, which indicated complex interactions between the watershed characteristics. 相似文献
454.
Černoch I Fránek M Diblíková I Hilscherová K Randák T Ocelka T Bláha L 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(1):250-257
Sulfonamide antibiotics coming from both human and veterinary medicine are among the most common emerging pollutants in freshwater. The present paper shows the successful application of passive sampling using POCIS in combination with an immunochemical ELISA technique and HPLC/MS/MS analysis to study the distribution of sulfonamides in streams around small towns in the Czech Republic, as well as around a major agglomeration of the city of Brno, including its waste water treatment plant (WWTP). Results indicated the presence of sulfonamides at most studied sites with concentrations ranging from <20 up to 736 ng of sulfamethoxazole equivalents per POCIS. Very high levels were detected in both the influent and effluent of the Brno WWTP with maxima > 8000 ng SMX per POCIS. All samplers collected down-stream of the studied towns and WWTPs clearly showed an increase in sulfonamide drug residues. Higher concentrations were determined in rivers at the city of Brno agglomeration. In agreement with other available studies, these findings indicate low efficiency of conventional WWTPs to eliminate polar pharmaceuticals such as sulfonamides. Good performance and correlation with the LC/MS results, as well as ease of use, indicate good potential for the immunochemical ELISA technique to become the screening tool for sulfonamide determination in surface waters including passive samplers. 相似文献
455.
Marian Marschalko Isik Yilmaz Veronika Křístková Matěj Fuka Karel Kubečka Tomáš Bouchal 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(1):509-522
Considering growing population and decreasing mineral resource reserves, the issue of undermining has been and shall remain very topical. This study aims to identify the mutual connections between mined out panels of a deposit and the final manifestations on the ground surface related to deep black coal mining. On the grounds of the identified connections, the study describes a method to simplify a common evaluation of undermined areas according to building site categories. Within the study, a demarcation of the areas was conducted in two localities in Czech Republic influenced by the effects of undermining in the Upper-Silesian Basin. In the allotment of the CSM Mine, an area unsuitable for founding structures was defined from the centre of the worked out workings to the distance of 175 m from the panel's edge, for which the corresponding break angle is 78.3°. Similarly, in the allotment of the Paskov Mine, an area unsuitable for founding structures was determined to the distance of 500 m from the panel's edge, for which the corresponding break angle is 50.2°. This demarcation may be implemented prior to deposit mining being aware of several physical-mechanical parameters of rocks in the deposit's overburden. Having mined out a particular section of a deposit, it is recommended to verify the values of break angle using the method described herein. The study may be applied as a relatively fast and effective method to evaluate future land use for planning. 相似文献
456.
Vladislav Chrastný Michael Komárek Tomáš Hájek 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,169(1-4):37-43
In this study, coupled Pb concentration/Pb isotope data were used to evaluate the effect of a shooting range (operational for over 30 years) on Pb contamination of adjacent agricultural soils and the associated environmental risks. Lead was mainly concentrated in the arable layer of the contaminated agricultural soils at total concentrations ranging from 573 to 694 mg kg???1. Isotopic analyses (206Pb/207Pb) proved that Pb originated predominantly from the currently used pellets. Chemical fractionation analyses showed that Pb was mainly associated with the reducible fraction of the contaminated soil, which is in accordance with its predominant soil phases (PbO, PbCO3). The 0.05 M EDTA extraction showed that up to 62% of total Pb from the contaminated site is potentially mobilizable. Furthermore, Pb concentrations obtained from the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure extraction exceeded the regulatory limit set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water. Ion exchange resin bags showed to be inefficient for determining the vertical distribution of free Pb2?+? throughout the soil profile. Increased Pb concentrations were found in the biomass of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sampled at the studied site and two possible pathways of Pb uptake have been identified: (1) through passive diffusion-driven uptake by roots and (2) especially through atmospheric deposition, which was also proved by analyses of a bioindicator species (bryophyte Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.). This study showed that shooting ranges can present an important source of Pb contamination of agricultural soils located in their close vicinity. 相似文献
457.
Tom Bajcar Brane irok Franc Cimerman Matja Eberlinc 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2008,21(6):613-619
The paper presents a model for the assessment of the influence of line markers on risk on transmission pipelines with natural gas. The impact of line markers on risk is determined as a function of the line marker recognisability, which in turn depends on the ability to discern a line marker from a distance. The model is based on physical properties of line markers, especially on their colour, measures and the colour of the environment. These properties served to quantitatively assess the discernability of two most frequently encountered types of line markers. Calculated distances at which a particular line marker is discernible were compared to the average distances between two line markers. Risk reduction factors were derived from the comparison between the calculated results and the data from the appropriate hazardous event database. Results of the model indicated significant dependence of the risk reduction factor due to line markers on the distance between two line markers and the weather conditions. The model shows its flexibility through its distinct dependence on local conditions along the pipeline route. It can serve as a supplement to the existing models for quantitative risk assessment on pipelines used in natural gas transportation. 相似文献
458.
459.
Morrice JA Danz NP Regal RR Kelly JR Niemi GJ Reavie ED Hollenhorst T Axler RP Trebitz AS Cotter AM Peterson GS 《Environmental management》2008,41(3):347-357
A better understanding of relationships between human activities and water chemistry is needed to identify and manage sources
of anthropogenic stress in Great Lakes coastal wetlands. The objective of the study described in this article was to characterize
relationships between water chemistry and multiple classes of human activity (agriculture, population and development, point
source pollution, and atmospheric deposition). We also evaluated the influence of geomorphology and biogeographic factors
on stressor-water quality relationships. We collected water chemistry data from 98 coastal wetlands distributed along the
United States shoreline of the Laurentian Great Lakes and GIS-based stressor data from the associated drainage basin to examine
stressor-water quality relationships. The sampling captured broad ranges (1.5–2 orders of magnitude) in total phosphorus (TP),
total nitrogen (TN), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), total suspended solids (TSS), chlorophyll a (Chl a), and chloride; concentrations were strongly correlated with stressor metrics. Hierarchical partitioning and all-subsets
regression analyses were used to evaluate the independent influence of different stressor classes on water quality and to
identify best predictive models. Results showed that all categories of stress influenced water quality and that the relative
influence of different classes of disturbance varied among water quality parameters. Chloride exhibited the strongest relationships
with stressors followed in order by TN, Chl a, TP, TSS, and DIN. In general, coarse scale classification of wetlands by morphology (three wetland classes: riverine, protected,
open coastal) and biogeography (two ecoprovinces: Eastern Broadleaf Forest [EBF] and Laurentian Mixed Forest [LMF]) did not
improve predictive models. This study provides strong evidence of the link between water chemistry and human stress in Great
Lakes coastal wetlands and can be used to inform management efforts to improve water quality in Great Lakes coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
460.