控释氮肥减量配施对土壤氨挥发和N2 O排放的影响

施用控释氮肥是提高氮素利用效率、减少氮素损失的重要途径.为研究聚合物包膜氮肥与普通尿素配比减量施用对旱作棕壤氨挥发和N₂O排放的影响,利用15N同位素标记技术,通过5个不同氮肥施用量处理,分析施肥后土壤的氨挥发和N₂O排放规律以及玉米的当季氮肥利用率.结果表明:①土壤氨挥发主要出现在施肥后的前2周,普通尿素氨挥发速率最大可达4.04 kg/（hm2·d）,最大值出现在施肥后第7天,施用配比包膜氮肥氨挥发峰值出现时间比普通尿素延迟2 d,且氨挥发总量明显降低,为2.15 kg/（hm2·d）.②对于各处理下的氨挥发总量,无氮处理（CK）为3.69 kg/hm2,常规尿素处理（NU）为18.64 kg/hm2,配比控释氮肥处理（PU1）为9.39 kg/hm2,减量配比控释氮肥处理（PU2）为6.44 kg/hm2,再减量配比控释氮肥处理（PU3）为5.02 kg/hm2.③N₂O排放规律呈现先平稳后升高的趋势,较高的N₂O排放通量集中在施肥后的55~91 d之间.N₂O排放峰值最高的是常规尿素处理,在施肥后第79天出现,达到0.299 mg/（m2·h）,施用配比包膜氮肥N₂O排放峰值均低于常规尿素处理.④施用配比包膜氮肥玉米产量高于普通尿素处理,减量配比包膜氮肥不会降低玉米产量.⑤土壤氨挥发总量与施氮量呈显著正相关.施用配比包膜氮肥相比于普通尿素可显著减少土壤氨挥发,减量配施氮肥相比于全量施肥可显著减少土壤氨挥发.因此,施用配比包膜氮肥,可在保证粮食产量的前提下减少氮肥投入,降低氮肥的气态损失,从而降低环境风险.      

西安市典型道路扬尘排放清单及化学组分

道路扬尘是城市大气颗粒的主要来源之一,扬尘中含有的重金属、碳质组分和水溶性离子会危害人体健康 . 为研究西安市道路扬尘的排放量及颗粒物的化学组分,在西安市环路、主干路、次干路和支路设监测点,采集了 141个道路积尘样品,估算了不同类型道路的积尘负荷 . 采用 AP-42 模型估算了不同类型道路的扬尘排放因子,建立了 2018 年西安市道路扬尘 PM_2.5和 PM₁₀的排放清单,分析了道路扬尘颗粒物的化学组分 . 基于西安市路网分布、GIS信息和车流量对道路扬尘 PM_2.5和 PM₁₀的排放量进行了空间分配 . 结果表明,西安市机动车道、非机动车道和人行道的积尘负荷分别为（0.88±0.83）、（2.62±2.23）和（1.41±1.42）g·m^-2. 按道路长度加权平均的扬尘中 PM_2.5和 PM₁₀的排放因子分别为 0.22和0.93 g·km^-1·veh^-1. 2018 年西安市道路扬尘...     

北京4种阔叶绿篱球的减噪效应及其影响因子

运用AWA6288型多功能声级及TmeRTA音频分析软件等仪器对北京4种常见阔叶绿篱球的减噪功能进行了测定,并对其结构特征进行了定量化统计,以探寻与植物减噪密切相关的影响因子。结果表明：小叶黄杨球（Buxus microphylla）平均相对A声级减噪能力最强,为1．76dB／m;紫叶小檗球（Berberis thunbergii cv．atropurpurea）相对最差,为1．05dB／m。紫叶小檗球与大叶黄杨球（Euonymus japonicus）、小叶黄杨球、金叶女贞球（Ligustrum vicaryi）在平均相对A声级减噪能力、减噪率方面均存在冠著差异。影响单株植物减噪排名前5的相关结构因子分别是树冠体积（0．804）、冠高（0．781）、绿篱高度（0．733）、叶质地（0．690）、平均冠宽（0．679）;叶大小、冠层、叶质地和倾斜状态、叶密度、枝密度5个主因子的累积方差贡献率已达85．233％,在绿化减噪应用中要重点考虑这5个因子。大叶黄杨球平均相对A声级减噪能力随植株大小变化没有显著变化,与树体各结构因子不相关,这可能与研究的样本量较少或者树体结构特征差异不明显有关;影响不同种类植物减噪的相关因子不尽相同。     

不同原料厌氧发酵及其微生物种群的研究

使用PCR-DGGE技术,对以鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、秸秆为发酵原料的发酵体系的微生物群落多样性进行了研究.在发酵不同时间取样,进行了日产甲烷量、日产甲烷浓度的变化分析和DGGE分析.结果表明,日产甲烷量整体趋势为猪粪>鸡粪>秸秆>牛粪,日平均产甲烷量分别为2.67、2.24、0.99、0.49L;猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆的日产甲烷浓度在整个发酵周期大多可维持在50%以上,牛粪的日产甲烷浓度大部分时间低于30%;细菌的优势菌群有拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、厌氧绳菌科(Anaerolineaceae)等,新增优势菌群有梭菌属(Clostridium)、脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)、毛螺旋菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio);古菌的优势菌群有甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),新增优势菌群有斯氏甲烷球菌属(Methanosphaera stadtmanae).     

Developing the ethical matrix as a decision support framework: GM fish as a case study

The Ethical Matrix was developed to help decision-makers explore the ethical issues raised by agri-food biotechnologies. Over the decade since its inception the Ethical Matrix has been used by a number of organizations and the philosophical basis of the framework has been discussed and analyzed extensively. The role of tools such as the Ethical Matrix in public policy decision-making has received increasing attention. In order to further develop the methodological aspects of the Ethical Matrix method, work was carried out to study the potential role of the Ethical Matrix as a decision support framework. When considering which frameworks to apply when analyzing the ethical dimensions of the application of agri-food biotechnologies, it is important to clarify the substantive nature of any prospective framework. In order to further investigate this issue, reflections on the neologism “ethical soundness” of an ethical framework are presented here. This concept is introduced in order to provide more structured evaluations of a range of ethical tools, including ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Matrix. As well as examining the philosophical dimensions of the method, theoretical analysis and literature studies were combined with stakeholder engagement exercises and consultations in order to review the Ethical Matrix from a user perspective. This work resulted in the development of an Ethical Matrix Manual, which is intended to act as a guide for potential user groups.     

Ethical Analysis of the Use of GM Fish: Emerging Issues for Aquaculture Development

Improvements in production methods over the last two decades have resulted in aquaculture becoming a significant contributor to food production in many countries. Increased efficiency and production levels are off-setting unsustainable capture fishing practices and contributing to food security, particularly in a number of developing countries. The challenge for the rapidly growing aquaculture industry is to develop and apply technologies that ensure sustainable production methods that will reduce environmental damage, increase productivity across the sector, and respect the diverse social and cultural dimensions of fish farming that are observed globally. The aquaculture industry currently faces a number of technology trajectories, which include the option to commercially produce genetically modified (GM) fish. The use of genetic modification in aquaculture has the potential to contribute to increased food security and is claimed to be the next logical step for the industry. However, the potential use of these technologies raises a number of important ethical questions. Using an ethical framework, the Ethical Matrix, this paper explores a number of the ethical issues potentially raised by the use of GM technologies in aquaculture. Several key issues have been identified. These include aspects of distributive justice for producers; use of a precautionary approach in the management of environmental risk and food safety; and impacts on the welfare and intrinsic value of the fish. There is a need to conduct a comparative analysis of the full economic cycle of the use of GM fish in aquaculture production for developing countries. There is also a need to initiate an informed dialogue between stakeholders and strenuous efforts should be made to ensure the participation of producers and their representatives from developing nations. An additional concern is that any national licensing of the first generation of GM fish, i.e., in the USA, may initiate and frame an assessment cycle, mediated by the WTO, which could dominate the conditions under which the technology will be applied and regulated globally. Therefore, an integrated analysis of the technology development trajectories, in terms of international policy, IPR, and operational implications, as well as an analysis of a broader range of ethical concerns, is needed.     

大型体育赛事对城市旅游的影响研究——以兰州国际马拉松为例

大型体育赛事的举办对城市旅游业发展具有巨大的刺激作用。以兰州国际马拉松为例,采用2000—2013年兰州旅游人数和旅游收入的统计数据,分析比赛前后几年旅游人数及旅游收入的变化。结果表明,兰州国际马拉松赛事对兰州旅游业发展的拉动作用极为明显。在此基础上,提出作为经济欠发达地区的兰州在发展以体育赛事为主的文化创意产业时所面临的问题及对策。     

澜沧江梯级水电站库区水体富营养化研究

根据2008年1—12月对澜沧江下游的漫湾和大朝山水电站库区的水环境监测结果,应用浮游植物指示法、地表水资源质量标准评价、经验TLI法评价、藻类现存量指标法对影响水体富营养化的水环境指标进行了分析。结果表明,两库区水体中,营养盐指标总体处在一种高含量水平,大朝山和漫湾库区水体总氮浓度年变化范围分别为0.345~1.880mg/L和0.340~1.743mg/L,总磷浓度年变化范围分别为0.019~0.139mg/L和0.015~0.111mg/L。TLI综合指数评价表明两库区水体处于贫营养水平。     

废旧弹药装药倒空方法的研究进展

随着弹药武器装备的更新换代,以及库存弹药超过储存年限,报废弹药销毁量越来越大,伴随出现的事故也越来越多,使得国内外对废旧弹药处理技术高效、安全、环保的要求也越来越高。基于废旧弹药的绿色回收利用技术,总结了废旧弹药装药倒空方法的国内外研究现状,分析了加热熔融、钻屑吸出、水射流冲洗、水力空化、低温冲洗、冷循环、超声振动及仿形钻削与干冰喷射复合8种倒药方法的优缺点,从高效、安全、环保和能否实现弹体与装药完全分离的角度,指出超声振动倒空法安全性好,倒空速度快,处理过程绿色无污染,可实现装药与壳体高效完全分离,具有广阔的发展前景,值得推广和深入研究;仿形钻削与干冰喷射复合倒空法集合了仿形钻削的高效率、无污染,能实现生产线的自动化控制,以及干冰喷射处理的炸药品种多、不存在"三废"等优点,是未来研究的主要方向之一。