基于地统计条件模拟的土壤重金属污染范围预测方法研究

常用的空间插值模型在土壤污染范围预测时存在平滑效应,导致高值区被平滑和低值区被高估,在划定污染区范围时也往往忽视了插值结果存在的偏差。以某土壤重金属污染区域为例,利用地统计条件模拟方法预测土壤中Cu、Pb的空间分布,在多次模拟结果的基础上估算污染概率,基于概率阈值确定污染区范围。研究结果表明,地统计条件模拟方法获得的土壤Cu、Pb模拟结果统计特征与调查样点的统计特征基本一致,且空间分布格局也相似。基于污染概率的污染区范围确定方法可以定量评估污染区范围预测的不确定性,对提高土壤污染治理效果与科学制定环境管理决策具有重要意义。     

交通活动对公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属含量的影响

为了解公路交通带来的重金属污染及其在公路两侧土壤中的分布规律,对相关研究结果的分析表明,含铅汽油、润滑油的燃烧,汽车轮胎、刹车里村的机械磨损等是公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属污染的重要来源.机动车辆排放的含重金属颗粒物或直接沉积在路面灰尘中,或通过干湿沉降沉积在公路两侧的土壤中,使得公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属出现不同程度的积累.一般地,公路两侧土壤中重金属含量随着距公路距离的增加呈指数形式下降.公路两侧土壤中重金属的含量及其分布格局因受交通流量、车辆类型、地形与路况、绿化带配置和风、降雨等气象条件的影响而异.     

北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜铬含量及其健康风险评估

对北京市97种蔬菜的345个蔬菜样品和54个菜地土壤中的铬含量进行了研究.结果表明,北京市菜地土壤中铬含量的含量范围、算术均值、中值、几何均值分别为25.4～86.3、44.5、42.2、43.4 mg·kg-1,均低于<土壤环境质量标准>中的蔬菜地土壤质量标准,但显著高于北京市土壤铬背景值.蔬菜铬的含量范围、算术均值和几何均值分别为0.4～1034、64.6、22.7μg·kg-1.叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜的铬平均含量显著高于特菜类,其它类型的蔬菜铬含量差异不显著.北京市本地产蔬菜和裸露地蔬菜的铬含量均分别显著高于市售外地产蔬菜和设施栽培蔬菜.甘蓝的铬富集系数较高,小白菜、云架豆和冬瓜次之,而西红柿、黄瓜、大葱、叶甜菜、萝卜、大白菜、茄子和辣椒和部分特菜等铬富集系数最低.北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入铬的量为每人50.5μg·d-1,目前已存在一定的潜在健康风险.     

利用不同形态硫同位素组成辨识土壤污染过程的方法初探

本研究利用硫含量变化特征和不同形态硫同位素组成的变化规律,分析土壤硫源和迁移转化过程,辨识土壤污染过程.在北京市首钢烧结厂和通州永乐店分别采集了2条土壤剖面.研究结果显示：首钢工业区土壤硫含量在0.01%和0.69%间变化,土壤全硫在0.001%和0.03%间变化;工业区附近土壤样品可溶性硫酸盐硫同位素组成、硫化物硫同...     

土壤样品保存过程中无机砷的形态变化及其样品保存方法

为选择合理的土壤样品保存方法,研究了不同保存条件下土壤样品及其水提取液中无机砷形态的动态变化．研究结果表明,采用常温方法保存土壤样品,其水溶态无机砷的总浓度变化不大,但水溶态As(Ⅲ)容易转化为As(Ⅴ);在风干条件下,随着保存时间的延长,样品中水溶态无机砷的总浓度和As(Ⅲ)浓度均会降低,As(Ⅲ)／As(Ⅴ)的比值呈增加趋势;在避光冷藏条件下,土壤样品中水溶态无机砷的总浓度、As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)浓度均基本保持不变．在避光冷藏、常温和冷冻条件下保存土壤水提取溶液,样品中无机砷的总浓度变化均不明显,但As(Ⅲ)浓度均呈下降趋势;避光冷藏条件下,As(Ⅲ)浓度在保存12d后缓慢下降,到第28天降低了9．0％;常温和冷冻条件下,As(Ⅲ)容易转化为As(Ⅴ)．因此,对于土壤中无机砷的形态测定而言,应采集新鲜土壤样品并在避光冷藏条件下保存．     

城市污泥与猪粪混合堆肥过程中湿度空间变异

对城市污泥与猪粪混合堆肥过程中堆体内湿度的空间变异性进行了研究 ,利用克里格法对湿度进行最优插值 .结果发现 :不同堆肥期湿度半变异函数在堆体水平方向上用对数函数拟合效果较好 ,在垂直方向上用线性函数拟合效果较好 .升温期、降温期和腐熟期各剖面的等湿线呈不同的分布特征 ,高温期呈较规则的“拱形”分布 .升温期、高温期及腐熟期 ,仓门附近的湿度变化较大 ,降温期堆体中轴线附近的湿度变化较大 .升温期堆体湿度最佳 ,从高温期开始 ,堆体中下部出现高湿区 ,且不断缩小 ;同时 ,堆体的顶部和两侧壁出现低湿区 ,且向堆体的中下部扩大 .由升温期到降温期 ,湿度空间变异不断增大 ,但腐熟期开始减小 .最后讨论了形成湿度空间变异的原因 ,并提出相应提高堆肥效率和质量的措施 .     

Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China

It is essential to determine the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge to select appropriate disposal methods. We conducted a national survey of heavy metal concentrations of sewage sludge samples from 107 municipal sewage treatment plants located in 48 cities covering the 31 provinces and autonomous regions, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2006, and identified the temporal trends of heavy metal contents in sewage sludge by comparison with surveys conducted in 1994-2001. In 2006, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge were 20.2, 1.97, 93.1, 218.8, 2.13, 48.7, 72.3, and 1058mg.kg-1, respectively. Because of the decreased discharge of heavy metals into industrial wastewater in China and the increasingly stringent regulations governing the content of industrial wastes entering sewers, the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have decreased by 32.3%, 49.7%, 54.9%, 25.0%, 37.2%, 44.8%, and 27.0%, respectively, during the past 12 years. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the samples exceeded the heavy metal limits of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in China （GB 18918-2002） by 6.5%, 3.7%, 6.5%, 6.5%, and 11.2%, respectively. From these results, 85 of the 107 municipal sludges analyzed would be considered suitable for land application.     

城市污泥不同处理处置方式的成本和效益分析--以北京市为例

以北京市为例,估算不同电价及运输距离下填埋、焚烧及堆肥等方式的城市污泥处理处置成本,在此基础上讨论各种处理处置方案的前景,展望北京市污泥处理处置出路。污泥填埋在一定时期内还将是主要处理处置方式,但所占比例将逐渐下降;堆肥是经济上较为可行的处理处置方式,适合大力推广;随着经济实力与技术水平提高,焚烧法可以适用于个别特殊地点。同时,分析了政府补贴对污泥处理处置效益的影响。     

中国城市污泥重金属区域分布特征及变化趋势

通过整理和统计国内外文献(2006—2013年)报道的中国城市污泥重金属含量,分析了近年来中国城市污泥重金属的区域分布特征和变化趋势.结果表明,城市污泥重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和Ni含量分别为182.5、65.3、729.6、2.1、1.4、11.5、97.5和44.9 mg·kg-1,与《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)规定的中碱性土壤污泥农用污染物控制标准限值比较,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和Ni的超标率分别为2.3%、0、5.9%、5.5%、2.9%、0、0和3.5%;与酸性土壤污泥农用污染物控制标准限值比较,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和Ni的超标率分别为7.1%、1.3%、10.3%、27.4%、20.0%、0、1.6%和12.1%.不同区域城市污泥重金属含量存在一定差异,城市污泥Hg和As在北方地区含量较高,而Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni在南方地区含量较高.与2006年城市污泥重金属含量相比,本研究城市污泥重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和Ni含量均呈下降趋势,降幅分别为29.0%、16.5%、40.9%、9.0%、29.8%、41.8%、5.3%和23.6%.     

Effect of orchard age on soil nitrogen transformation in subtropical China and implications

A better understanding of nitrogen transformation in soils could reveal the capacity for biological inorganic N supply and improve the efficiency of N fertilizers. In this study, a ¹⁵N tracing study was carried out to investigate the effects of converting woodland to orchard, and orchard age on the gross rates of N transformation occurring simultaneously in subtropical soils in Eastern China. The results showed that inorganic N supply rate was remained constant with soil organic C and N contents increased after converting woodland into citrus orchard and with increasing orchard age. This phenomenon was most probably due to the increase in the turnover time of recalcitrant organic-N, which increased with decreasing soil pH along with increasing orchard age significantly. The amoA gene copy numbers of both archaeal and bacterial were stimulated by orchard planting and increased with increasing orchard age. The nitrification capacity (defined as the ratio of gross rate of nitrification to total gross rate of mineralization) increased following the Michaelis–Menten equation, sharply in the first 10 years after woodland conversion to orchard, and increased continuously but much more slowly till 30 years. Due to the increase in nitrification capacity and unchanged NO₃⁻ consumption, the dominance of ammonium in inorganic N in woodland soil was shifted to nitrate dominance in orchard soils. These results indicated that the risk of NO₃⁻ loss was expected to increase and the amount of N needed from fertilizers for fruit growth did not change although soil organic N accumulated with orchard age.