镉胁迫下蓖麻对镉及矿质元素的富集特征

目前中国农田遭受镉污染的情况日益严重。蓖麻(Ricinus communis L.)是一种能源作物,同时对镉有较高的耐性和富集能力,因此利用蓖麻资源为合理利用镉污染农田提供了一种可行的途径。在温室条件下(5~32℃)采用盆栽试验,设定2个镉质量分数梯度(2.396和5.396 mg·kg-1),研究镉胁迫下30种蓖麻品种茎、叶和果实对镉和矿质元素(铝、钼、铜、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁、锰和铁)吸收和富集特征,以及矿质营养元素与镉富集的相关性。结果表明:镉在不同组织的分布情况为茎叶果实,铝、钼、硫、锰和铁在不同组织的分布为叶果实茎,钙和镁在不同组织的分布为叶茎果实,铜、锌和磷在不同组织的分布为果实叶茎。在低镉质量分数(2.396 mg·kg-1)处理条件下,茎、叶和果实中镉质量分数变化范围分别为0.600~1.670、0.310~1.970和0.130~0.909 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为1.030、0.831和0.362 mg·kg-1。在高镉质量分数(5.396mg·kg-1)处理条件下,茎、叶和果实中镉质量分数变化范围分别为1.012~4.032、0.698~3.514和0.227~1.525 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为1.964、1.583和0.694 mg·kg-1。蓖麻茎、叶和果实对镉和矿质元素(铝、钼、铜、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁、锰和铁)的富集受蓖麻品种和土壤中镉含量的显著影响。钙、硫、镁、铁的积累与镉的吸收呈显著正相关关系;锌、锰、铜、磷的积累与镉的吸收呈显著负相关关系,而铝、钼的积累与镉的吸收无显著相关关系。因此,合理调控污染土壤中矿质元素的含量可以提高蓖麻对镉污染土壤的修复效率。     

关于hyperaccumulator中文译名的探讨

植物修复技术是环境科学与技术的热点和前沿领域,hyperaccumulator作为植物修复技术的核心和及hyperaccumulator内容的文献也增长迅速,但从已发表的文献来看,国内对“hyperaccumulator”的中文翻译很不统一.这种“一词多译”的现象很不利于学术交流.为了规范和统一hyperaccumulator的中文译名,本文从hyperaccumulator的定义和科学内涵探讨其中文译名的准确性.     

堆肥调理剂研究进展

调理剂是堆肥过程中的重要辅料。通过添加调理剂，可以改善堆肥物料的理化条件，达到好氧微生物对生长环境的要求。文章综述了堆肥调理剂的分类，讨论了它在堆肥工程中的作用，并对研究方向进行了探讨。大量研究表明，调理剂在堆肥过程中起到调节物料w（C）／w（N）比、含水率、堆体自由空域、减少堆体臭气、改善堆肥养分和调控重金属等作用。目前，调理剂的研究重点在于其在堆肥过程的作用，而对复合型调理剂的开发、调理剂的作用机理及其在工程中的应用等问题关注较少。     

植物修复过程中蜈蚣草对土壤养分的吸收动态:5年田间定位试验

鉴于砷超富集植物蜈蚣草已被成功地用于修复砷污染土壤,本研究通过连续5年的植物修复田间试验,研究了土壤氮、磷、钾的消减动态和蜈蚣草对土壤氮、磷和钾的吸收动态.结果表明:种植蜈蚣草可使土壤全氮含量降低约25%(2100～2700mg.kg-1),土壤全磷和全钾含量的年际变化不明显;蜈蚣草地上部氮、磷和钾含量分别为1.23～2.38、0.14～0.47和1.10～2.01g.kg-1,地上部带走的总氮、总磷和总钾量分别为23～89、4.4～13.0和21～69kg.hm-2.a-1;与水稻和小麦相比,蜈蚣草对氮、磷和钾的吸收量都较低,但如果在连续种植过程中不施肥,蜈蚣草则可能会出现养分亏缺问题.     

Changes in hair arsenic concentration in a population exposed to heavy pollution： Follow-up investigation in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, Southern China

Follow-up investigation on hair arsenic concentration was conducted in an arsenic heavily polluted area of southern China in 2002 and 2006.The results showed that the geometric mean of hair arsenic concentration decreased from 2.95 mg/kg in 2002 to 1.78 mg/kg in 2006,when the percentage of the population with levels over 1 mg/kg only decreased from 93.4% in 2002 to 80.5% in 2006.Over this four-year period,the population with high arsenic concentrations decreased significantly while there was no obvious chan...     

Interaction of As and Sb in the hyperaccumulator <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pteris vittata</Emphasis> L.: changes in As and Sb speciation by XANES

Arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) are chemical analogs that display similar characteristics in the environment. The As hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. is a potential As–Sb co-accumulating species. However, when this plant is exposed to different As and Sb speciation, the associated accumulating mechanisms and subsequent assimilation processes of As and Sb remain unclear. A 2-week hydroponic experiment was conducted by exposing P. vittata to single AsIII, AsV, SbIII, and SbV or the co-existence of AsIII and SbIII and AsV and SbV. P. vittata could co-accumulate As and Sb in the pinna (>1000 mg kg^?1) with high translocation (>1) of As and Sb from the root to the pinna. P. vittata displayed apparent preference to the trivalent speciation of As and Sb than to the pentavalent speciation. Under the single exposure of AsIII or SbIII, the pinna concentration of As and Sb was 84 and 765 % higher than that under the single exposure of AsV or SbV, respectively. Despite the provided As speciation, the main speciation of As in the root was AsV, whereas the main speciation of As in the pinna was AsIII. The Sb in the roots comprised SbV and SbIII when exposed to SbV but was exclusively SbIII when exposed to SbIII. The Sb in the pinna was a mixture of SbV and SbIII regardless of the provided Sb speciation. Compared with the single exposure of As, the co-existence of As and Sb increased the As concentration in the pinna of P. vittata by 50–66 %, accompanied by a significant increase in the AsIII percentage in the root. Compared with the single exposure of Sb, the co-existence of Sb and As also increased the Sb concentration in the pinna by 51–100 %, but no significant change in Sb speciation was found in P. vittata.     

城市污泥堆肥过程中堆体表面沉降及减容率的研究

通过测定堆肥过程中堆体表面沉降量的动态变化,结合堆肥温度、含水量和挥发性固体（VS）含量的变化,对堆体表面沉降和减容率及其影响因素进行研究。研究结果表明,城市污泥：树皮（1：1）处理的升温速率、最高温度和高温维持时间、含水量和VS含量去除率等均高于城市污泥：秸秆（1：1）处理,其灭菌、生物干燥和有机质降解效果较好。堆体表面沉降可分为物理压实沉降和有机质降解沉降,城市污泥：树皮（1：1）的物理压缩沉降量低于城市污泥：秸秆（1：1）,主要是因为秸秆作为调理剂的支撑作用比树皮差;前者的有机质降解沉降量大于后者,这与堆肥温度、含水量和VS含量的去除率等因素有关。     

利用耗氧速率判断好氧堆肥腐熟度的探讨

在试验的基础上分析了利用耗氧速率判断堆肥腐熟度的可行性 .试验中堆肥高温阶段持续 6d以上 ,达到国家《粪便无害化卫生标准 (GB795 9 87)》的要求 .堆肥过程中铵态氮含量下降、硝态氮含量上升 ,1 1d后 ,堆肥DOC含量为 0 5 %左右 ,种子相对发芽率达到 80 %以上 ,表明堆肥达到腐熟 .升温阶段前期 ,耗氧速率呈迅速增加的趋势 ;升温阶段后期和高温阶段前期 ,耗氧速率维持相对稳定 ,高温阶段中期、末期耗氧速率开始下降 .相对发芽率验证表明 ,在堆肥高温阶段末期 ,耗氧速率下降到 1 0 0 μL·L-1 ·s-1 以下 ,此指标可以作为堆肥腐熟的标志 .以耗氧速率代替传统的测量堆肥的理化、生物指标来判断堆肥腐熟度不需要采样、分析等复杂手续 ,将以往的需要几天才能获得腐熟状况变为实时、在线监测 ,对堆肥技术的实际推广具有重要意义     

Cultivars and oil extraction techniques affect Cd/Pb contents and health risks in oil of rapeseed grown on Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland

● Organic solvent extracted fewer Cd/Pb in rapeseed oil than physical pressing. ● Brassica rapa transferred fewer Cd and Pb from seed to oil than Brassica napus . ● Carcinogenic risk mainly from Cd and worth more concern than noncarcinogenic risk. ● Organic solvent specially SLB pose less heath risk for oil than physical pressing. ● Rapeseed oil posed higher carcinogenic risk for rural residents than urban. Substitute planting with rapeseed offers promise for safely using large areas of Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland. Cd/Pb distributions during rapeseed oil production were investigated and health risks posed by the oil were assessed. Tests were performed using three cultivars (Brassica rapa SYH and ZS100 and Brassica napus QY-1) and four oil extraction techniques (mechanical and low-temperature pressing and n-hexane and subcritical low-temperature butane extraction). The amounts of Cd and Pb in oil were 0.73%–8.44% and 3.14%–11.76%, respectively, of the amounts in rapeseed and were strongly affected by the cultivar and oil extraction technique. The heavy metal (HM) concentrations were lower in solvent-extracted oil (particularly subcritical low-temperature butane extracted oil, in which HMs were not detected) than mechanically pressed oil. The Cd and Pb transfer indices were lower (meaning larger proportions of HMs were retained by the rapeseed meal) for B. rapa than B. napus. This was attributed to a high HM binding protein content of B. rapa seed. Health risks to humans were assessed using a probabilistic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk was mainly (97.1%–99.9%) caused by Cd and poses more concern than non-carcinogenic risk. Stronger health risks are posed by mechanically pressed than solvent-extracted oil, and higher carcinogenic risks are posed to people living in rural areas than urban areas. Substitute planting with B. rapa and extracting oil with organic solvent (preferably subcritical low-temperature butane) are optimal for safely utilizing Cd/Pb-contaminated soil. Attention should be paid to the health risks posed by Cd in oil to rural populations.     

不同污泥处理与处置工艺的碳排放

针对目前主流的污泥处理处置工艺,总结了各工艺碳排放情景及其影响因素.好氧堆肥、干化、土地利用、焚烧的碳主要以CO2的形式排放;而厌氧消化和填埋的碳排放以CH4为主.好氧堆肥的CO2排放当量较低,填埋的CO2排放当量较高.好氧堆肥、厌氧消化、填埋工艺分别可以通过改善通风状况、前处理和不同类型污泥联合处理、覆盖有机材料等方...