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451.
Climatic, socio-economic, and health factors affecting human vulnerability to cholera in the Lake Victoria basin, East Africa 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Olago D Marshall M Wandiga SO Opondo M Yanda PZ Kanalawe R Githeko AK Downs T Opere A Kavumvuli R Kirumira E Ogallo L Mugambi P Apindi E Githui F Kathuri J Olaka L Sigalla R Nanyunja R Baguma T Achola P 《Ambio》2007,36(4):350-358
Cholera epidemics have a recorded history in the eastern Africa region dating to 1836. Cholera is now endemic in the Lake Victoria basin, a region with one of the poorest and fastest growing populations in the world. Analyses of precipitation, temperatures, and hydrological characteristics of selected stations in the Lake Victoria basin show that cholera epidemics are closely associated with El Ni?o years. Similarly, sustained temperatures high above normal (T(max)) in two consecutive seasons, followed by a slight cooling in the second season, trigger an outbreak of a cholera epidemic. The health and socioeconomic systems that the lake basin communities rely upon are not robust enough to cope with cholera outbreaks, thus rendering them vulnerable to the impact of climate variability and change. Collectively, this report argues that communities living around the Lake Victoria basin are vulnerable to climate-induced cholera that is aggravated by the low socioeconomic status and lack of an adequate health care system. In assessing the communities' adaptive capacity, the report concludes that persistent levels of poverty have made these communities vulnerable to cholera epidemics. 相似文献
452.
Hydrogen sulfide flux measurements from construction and demolition debris (C&D) landfills 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eun S Reinhart DR Cooper CD Townsend TG Faour A 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2007,27(2):220-227
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified as a principal odorous component of gaseous emissions from construction and demolition debris (C&D) landfills. Although several studies have reported the ambient concentrations of H2S near C&D landfills, few studies have quantified emission rates of H2S. One of the most widely used techniques for measuring surface gas emission rates from landfills is the flux chamber method. Flux measurements using the flux chamber were performed at five different C&D landfills from April to August, 2003. The flux rates of H2S measured in this research were between 0.192 and 1.76 mg/(m2-d). 相似文献
453.
Reimus PW Callahan TJ Ware SD Haga MJ Counce DA 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2007,93(1-4):85-95
Diffusion cell experiments were conducted to measure nonsorbing solute matrix diffusion coefficients in forty-seven different volcanic rock matrix samples from eight different locations (with multiple depth intervals represented at several locations) at the Nevada Test Site. The solutes used in the experiments included bromide, iodide, pentafluorobenzoate (PFBA), and tritiated water ((3)HHO). The porosity and saturated permeability of most of the diffusion cell samples were measured to evaluate the correlation of these two variables with tracer matrix diffusion coefficients divided by the free-water diffusion coefficient (D(m)/D*). To investigate the influence of fracture coating minerals on matrix diffusion, ten of the diffusion cells represented paired samples from the same depth interval in which one sample contained a fracture surface with mineral coatings and the other sample consisted of only pure matrix. The log of (D(m)/D*) was found to be positively correlated with both the matrix porosity and the log of matrix permeability. A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that both parameters contributed significantly to the regression at the 95% confidence level. However, the log of the matrix diffusion coefficient was more highly-correlated with the log of matrix permeability than with matrix porosity, which suggests that matrix diffusion coefficients, like matrix permeabilities, have a greater dependence on the interconnectedness of matrix porosity than on the matrix porosity itself. The regression equation for the volcanic rocks was found to provide satisfactory predictions of log(D(m)/D*) for other types of rocks with similar ranges of matrix porosity and permeability as the volcanic rocks, but it did a poorer job predicting log(D(m)/D*) for rocks with lower porosities and/or permeabilities. The presence of mineral coatings on fracture walls did not appear to have a significant effect on matrix diffusion in the ten paired diffusion cell experiments. 相似文献
454.
Rothwell JJ Evans MG Lindsay JB Allott TE 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,145(1):111-120
Increasingly, within-site and regional comparisons of peatland lead pollution have been undertaken using the inventory approach. The peatlands of the Peak District, southern Pennines, UK, have received significant atmospheric inputs of lead over the last few hundred years. A multi-core study at three peatland sites in the Peak District demonstrates significant within-site spatial variability in industrial lead pollution. Stochastic simulations reveal that 15 peat cores are required to calculate reliable lead inventories at the within-site and within-region scale for this highly polluted area of the southern Pennines. Within-site variability in lead pollution is dominant at the within-region scale. The study demonstrates that significant errors may be associated with peatland lead inventories at sites where only a single peat core has been used to calculate an inventory. Meaningful comparisons of lead inventories at the regional or global scale can only be made if the within-site variability of lead pollution has been quantified reliably. 相似文献
455.
Block CN Shibata T Solo-Gabriele HM Townsend TG 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,148(2):627-633
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of handheld XRF analyzers on wood that has been treated with a preservative containing arsenic. Experiments were designed to evaluate precision, detection limit, effective depth of analysis, and accuracy of the XRF arsenic readings. Results showed that the precision of the XRF improved with increased sample concentration and longer analysis times. Reported detection limits decreased with longer analysis times to values of less than 1mg/kg or 18 mg/kg, depending on the model used. The effective depth of analysis was within the top 1.2 cm and 2.0 cm of sample for wood containing natural gradients of chemical preservative and concentration extremes, respectively. XRF results were found to be 1.5-2.3 times higher than measurements from traditional laboratory analysis. Equations can be developed to convert XRF values to results which are consistent with traditional laboratory testing. 相似文献
456.
Menetrez MY Foarde KK Webber TD Dean TR Betancourt DA 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(7):523-528
Goal, Scope and Background Reducing occupant exposure to indoor mold is the goal of this research, through the efficacy testing of antimicrobial cleaners.
Often mold contaminated building materials are not properly removed, but instead surface cleaners are applied in an attempt
to alleviate the problem. The efficacy of antimicrobial cleaners to remove, eliminate or control mold growth on surfaces can
easily be tested on non-porous surfaces. However, the testing of antimicrobial cleaner efficacy on porous surfaces, such as
those found in the indoor environment such as gypsum board can be more complicated and prone to incorrect conclusions regarding
residual organisms. The mold Stachybotrys chartarum has been found to be associated with idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage in infants and has been studied for toxin production
and its occurrence in water damaged buildings. Growth of S. chartarum on building materials such as gypsum wallboard has been frequently documented.
Methods Research to control S. chartarum growth using 13 separate antimicrobial cleaners on contaminated gypsum wallboard has been performed in laboratory testing.
Popular brands of cleaning products were tested by following directions printed on the product packaging.
Results A variety of gypsum wallboard surfaces were used to test these cleaning products at high relative humidity. The results indicate
differences in antimicrobial efficacy for the six month period of testing.
Discussion Results for the six types of GWB surfaces varied extensively. However, three cleaning products exhibited significantly better
results than others. Lysol All-Purpose Cleaner-Orange Breeze (full strength) demonstrated results which ranked among the best
in five of the six surfaces tested. Both Borax and Orange Glo Multipurpose Degreaser demonstrated results which ranked among
the best in four of the six surfaces tested.
Conclusions The best antimicrobial cleaner to choose is often dependent on the type of surface to be cleaned of S. chartarum contamination. For Plain GWB, no paint, the best cleaners were Borax, Lysol All-Purpose Cleaner-Orange Breeze (full strength),
Orange Glo Multipurpose Degreaser, and Fantastik Orange Action.
Recommendations and Perspectives These results are not meant to endorse the incomplete removal of mold contaminated building materials. However, it is recognized
that complete removal may not always be possible and solutions to control mold regrowth may contribute to reduced occupant
exposure. Current recommendations of removal and replacement of porous building materials should be followed.
It is not the intension of this discussion to endorse any product. Reporting on the performance of these products under the
stated conditions was and remains the only purpose.
ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Lee Young (youngrisk@bresnan.net) 相似文献
457.
Su JG Larson T Baribeau AM Brauer M Rensing M Buzzelli M 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(8):893-900
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to develop an air pollution monitoring network to characterize small-area spatial contrasts in ambient air pollution concentrations. Using residential woodburning emissions as our case study, this paper reports on the first three stages of a four-stage protocol to measure, estimate, and validate ambient residential woodsmoke emissions in Vancouver, British Columbia. The first step is to develop an initial winter nighttime woodsmoke emissions surface using inverse-distance weighting of emissions information from consumer woodburning surveys and property assessment data. Second, fireplace density and a compound topographic index based on hydrological flow regimes are used to enhance the emissions surface. Third, the spatial variation of the surface is used in a location-allocation algorithm to design a network of samplers for the woodsmoke tracer compound levoglucosan and fine particulate matter. Measurements at these network sites are then used in the fourth stage of the protocol (not presented here): a mobile sampling campaign aimed at developing a high-resolution surface of woodsmoke concentrations for exposure assignment in health effects studies. Overall the results show that relatively simple data inputs and spatial analysis can be effective in capturing the spatial variability of ambient air pollution emissions and concentrations. 相似文献
458.
459.
Monitoring, assessment and modelling using water quality data in the Saale River Basin, Germany 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bongartz K Steele TD Baborowski M Lindenschmidt KE 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,135(1-3):227-240
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the overall driver for this environmental study and currently requires the
identification of patterns and sources of pollution (monitoring) to support objective ecological sound decision making and
specific measures to enhance river water quality (modelling). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate in a case study
the interrelationship between (1) hydrologic and water quality monitoring data for river basin characterization and (2) modelling
applications to assess resources management alternatives. The study deals with monitoring assessment and modelling of river
water quality data of the main stem Saale River and its principal tributaries. For a period of 6 years the data, which was
sampled by Environmental Agencies of the German states of Thuringia, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, was investigated to assess
sources and indicators of pollution. In addition to the assessment a modelling exercise of the routing of different pollutants
was carried out in the lower part of the test basin. The modelling is a tool to facilitate the evaluation of alternative measures
to reduce contaminant loadings and improve ecological status of a water body as required by WFD. The transport of suspended
solids, salts and heavy metals was modelled along a selected Saale reach under strong anthropogenic influence in terms of
contaminants and river morphology between the city of Halle and the confluence with the Elbe River. The simulations were carried
out with the model WASP5 which is a dynamic flood-routing and water quality model package developed by the US Environmental
Protection Agency. 相似文献
460.
Rothwell JJ Evans MG Daniels SM Allott TE 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):582-589
Upland peat soils are generally regarded as effective sinks of atmospherically deposited lead. However, the physical process of erosion has the potential to transform peat soils from sinks to sources of lead contamination. Lead input and fluvial lead outputs (dissolved+particulate) were estimated for a contaminated and severely eroding peatland catchment in the southern Pennines, UK. Lead input to the catchment is 30.0+/-6.0gha(-1)a(-1) and the output from the catchment is 317+/-22.4gha(-1)a(-1). Suspended particulate matter accounts for 85% of lead export. Contaminated peat soils of the catchment are a significant source of lead to the fluvial system. This study has demonstrated strong coupling between the physical process of erosion and the mobilization of lead into the fluvial system. The process of peat erosion should therefore be considered when estimating lead outputs from peatland catchments, especially in the context of climate change. 相似文献