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401.
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403.
Detailed knowledge on species–habitat relationships is of crucial importance for the understanding of processes in marine
ecosystems. Being top-predators, birds are important bio-indicators for marine systems. The aim of this study was to elucidate
precise information on foraging habitat use and foraging times of oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) on wide tidal flats using global positioning system (GPS) data loggers. The study was conducted to collect hints for the
negative population trends in oystercatchers in the Wadden Sea. It is the first time that GPS technique has been used in a
shorebird species. Although oystercatchers are known to exhibit foraging site fidelity, a number of individuals visited multiple
sites. Foraging trips at night were longer, and the targeted sites were further away than those used during the day. These
patterns were likely to be caused by higher risks of clutch predation by avian predators during the day that led adults to
reduce their absence to defend their clutches. Our methodological approach enabled the subtle spatio-temporal patterns of
habitat use to be determined on a very fine spatio-temporal scale. We suggest further potential studies using GPS data loggers
that may help to reveal the reasons for the current declines in oystercatcher populations in the German Wadden Sea. 相似文献
404.
Previous studies evaluating the success of river restorations have rarely found any consistent effects on benthic invertebrate assemblages. In this study, we analyzed data from 24 river restoration projects in Germany dating back 1 to 12 years and 1231 data sets from adjacent river reaches that lie within 0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 km rings centered on the restored sites. We calculated restoration success and recolonization potential of adjacent river reaches based on stream-type-specific subsets of taxa indicative for good or bad habitat quality. On average, the restorations did not improve the benthic invertebrate community quality. However, we show that restoration success depends on the presence of source populations of desired taxa in the surrounding of restored sites. Only where source populations of additional desired taxa existed within a 0-5 km ring around the restored sites were benthic invertebrate assemblages improved by the restoration. Beyond the 5-km rings, this recolonization effect was no longer detected. We present here the first field results to support the debated argument that a lack of source populations in the areas surrounding restored sites may play an important role in the failure to establish desired invertebrate communities by the means of river restorations. In contrast, long-range dispersal of invertebrates seems to play a subordinate role in the recolonization of restored sites. However, because the surroundings of the restored sites were far from good ecological quality, the potential for improvement of restored sites was limited. 相似文献
405.
Roadless and Low-Traffic Areas as Conservation Targets in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Selva N Kreft S Kati V Schluck M Jonsson BG Mihok B Okarma H Ibisch PL 《Environmental management》2011,48(5):865-877
With increasing road encroachment, habitat fragmentation by transport infrastructures has been a serious threat for European
biodiversity. Areas with no roads or little traffic (“roadless and low-traffic areas”) represent relatively undisturbed natural
habitats and functioning ecosystems. They provide many benefits for biodiversity and human societies (e.g., landscape connectivity,
barrier against pests and invasions, ecosystem services). Roadless and low-traffic areas, with a lower level of anthropogenic
disturbances, are of special relevance in Europe because of their rarity and, in the context of climate change, because of
their contribution to higher resilience and buffering capacity within landscape ecosystems. An analysis of European legal
instruments illustrates that, although most laws aimed at protecting targets which are inherent to fragmentation, like connectivity,
ecosystem processes or integrity, roadless areas are widely neglected as a legal target. A case study in Germany underlines
this finding. Although the Natura 2000 network covers a significant proportion of the country (16%), Natura 2000 sites are
highly fragmented and most low-traffic areas (75%) lie unprotected outside this network. This proportion is even higher for
the old Federal States (western Germany), where only 20% of the low-traffic areas are protected. We propose that the few remaining
roadless and low-traffic areas in Europe should be an important focus of conservation efforts; they should be urgently inventoried,
included more explicitly in the law and accounted for in transport and urban planning. Considering them as complementary conservation
targets would represent a concrete step towards the strengthening and adaptation of the Natura 2000 network to climate change. 相似文献
406.
Thomas Schinko Reinhard Mechler Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(7):1063-1086
Despite considerable uncertainties regarding the exact contribution of anthropogenic climate change to disaster risk, rising losses from extreme events have highlighted the need to comprehensively address climate-related risk. This requires linking climate adaptation to disaster risk management (DRM), leading to what has been broadly referred to as climate risk management (CRM). While this concept has received attention in debate, important gaps remain in terms of operationalizing it with applicable methods and tools for specific risks and decision-contexts. By developing and applying a methodological approach to CRM in the decision context of sovereign risk (flooding) in Austria we test the usefulness of CRM, and based on these insights, inform applications in other decision contexts. Our methodological approach builds on multiple lines of evidence and methods. These comprise of a broad stakeholder engagement process, empirical analysis of public budgets, and risk-focused economic modelling. We find that a CRM framework is able to inform instrumental as well as reflexive and participatory debate in practice. Due to the complex interaction of social–ecological systems with climate risks, and taking into account the likelihood of future contingent climate-related fiscal liabilities increasing substantially as a result of socioeconomic developments and climate change, we identify the need for advanced learning processes and iterative updates of CRM management plans. We suggest that strategies comprising a portfolio of policy measures to reduce and manage climate-related risks are particularly effective if they tailor individual instruments to the specific requirements of different risk layers. 相似文献
407.
Raymond Caroline Samuelsson Göran S Agrenius Stefan Schaanning Morten T Gunnarsson Jonas S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(13):16181-16197
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The sediments in the Grenland fjords in southern Norway are heavily contaminated by large emissions of dioxins and mercury from historic industrial... 相似文献
408.
Röllin Stefan Corcho-Alvarado José Antonio Sahli Hans Putyrskaya Victoria Klemt Eckehard 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(57):85777-85788
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Aare river system in Switzerland, with two nuclear power plants on the banks of the river, and its intermediate lakes and reservoirs, provides a... 相似文献
409.
Stefan Gössling 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2003,5(3-4):383-400
Neoclassic economic theory suggests global market integration as a strategy to reduce poverty. In line with this paradigm, an increasing number of developing countries have focused on tourism to generate foreign exchange earnings and to meet rising workforce pressure. Coastlines in particular, have been at the forefront of tourist infrastructure development. The article describes tourism development in the village of Kiwengwa on the east coast of Unguja Island (Zanzibar), Tanzania. It is shown that changes caused by tourism are far more complex than economic theory suggests. Economically, tourism has substantially increased local income, but it has also led to a focus on individual benefit and dissolving kinship relationships, encouraged the abandonment of traditional resource-use strategies, contributed to the commoditization of local natural resources, and spread the idea that these resources can be replaced with imports. Overall, tourism has fundamentally disrupted the local socio-economic system and led to a self-reinforcing cycle of ecosystem degradation. Tourism development is nevertheless perceived as positive and sustainable, because (i) changes are complex and damage becomes perceptible only in the medium- or long-term future, (ii) the tourist industry tends to shift its impacts to remote areas, i.e. a supplying periphery, (iii) the village has become a center of resource allocation itself, with imports compensating for the losses in local ecosystem capacity. As a development option imposed by the transnational tourist industry, tourism leads to the creation of new centers (i.e. the former periphery) while simultaneously creating new peripheries. In a finite world with a limited hinterland for such a continuous expansion, this cannot be sustainable. 相似文献
410.
Karim D. Kalache Katarina Lehmann Rabih Chaoui Dietmar E. Kivelitz Stefan Mundlos Rainer Bollmann 《黑龙江环境通报》2002,22(5):404-407
A fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia type 2 (TD2) associated with cloverleaf skull and abnormal development of the corpus callosum is reported. This case represents the first prenatal direct visualization of a partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) using high-resolution ultrasonography and colour power Doppler, which was confirmed by post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The causal link between cloverleaf skull in TD and partial ACC is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献