Reintroduction of eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) in the Dutch Wadden Sea; Review of research and suggestions for management measures

Eelgras (Zostera marina L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea historically covered an area varying from 65–150 km² in the eulittoral as well as the sublittoral zones. At present, this area comprises less than 1 km² eulittoral eelgrass stands, with an associated decrease in habitat diversity. The causes for this decline are presumably connected with the ‘wasting disease’ and the closure of the former Zuiderzee in the early 1930s resulting in increased tidal range and increased currents. After a slight recovery of the eelgrass populations on the intertidal flats a definite decline started in the early 1970s, possibly connected to increased turbidity. The present water quality and turbidity do not negatively influence eelgrass growth up to a depth of at least 0.6m below Mean Sea Level. Based on mesocosm experiments and field experiments it is concluded that re-establishment of eelgrass should be possible in sheltered bays and on unexposed tidal falts. The most suitable depths for a reintroduction are those between 0 and 20–40 cm below mean sea level.     

Changes in the biochemical composition of the ovaries of the seastar Asterias rubens during its annual reproductive cycle

The biochemical composition of the ovaries of the asteroid echinoderm Asterias rubens was studied, with emphasis on the changes which are manifest during the annual reproductive cycle. Ovarian dry weight displays only minor changes during ovarian development, constituting about 20% of the organ fresh weight. Levels of all constituents show some variation, but in general increase with ovarian growth. Only the free amino acid level is rather constant. Except for glycogen, the contents of other constituents (total lipids, other reducing sugars, free amino acids and proteins) show a rectilinear increase with ovarian growth. Glycogen content increases rectilinearly with time during early vitellogenesis, but remains constant during further development until ovarian maturity. By plotting constituent levels and contents against a non-linear gonad index axis rather than against sampling date, results can be correlated more easily with ovarian growth stages. The possibility of endocytosis of a vitellogenin-like yolk precursor by the ovary is discussed.     

On the uptake and release of zinc (65Zn) in the growing alga Selenastrum capricornutum Printz

A Zn- and pH-buffered medium was used to study the accumulation of Zn in batch-cultured algae (Selenastrum capricornutum Printz.). All experiments were carried out using (65)Zn radiotracers, which were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. Zinc was applied in the presence of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), leading to free Zn(2+) concentrations ranging from 4.2 x 10(-11) to 1.6 x 10(-7) mol litre(-1). During the 75-h experiments, the rates of Zn influx and efflux were determined, the latter with full consideration for algal growth rates. Algal growth stopped completely at a free Zn(2+) concentration of 1.6 x 10(-8) mol litre(-1). Initial Zn binding was determined and, based on free Zn(2+) concentrations, presented by the apparent dissociation constant K(diss) and capacity C as 4.6 x 10(-9) mol litre(-1) and 19.8 x 10(6) mol gDW(-1), respectively. The rate constant of Zn efflux could be calculated as a constant 0.021 +/- 0.003 h(-1), irrespective of the Zn concentrations applied. The rates of Zn influx were expressed by the V(max) and K(M) values as 3.3 x 10(-10) mol gDW(-1) s(-1) and 6.3 x 10(-9) mol litre(-1), respectively. These values, which are based on applied free Zn(2+) concentrations, are compatible with the operation of a high-affinity low-concentration carrier mechanism. The results suggest that, under the conditions applied, free Zn(2+) may be the most relevant Zn species for Zn uptake; furthermore, relative growth rate may be regarded as a relatively sensitive signal for Zn stress circumstances.     

Nitrous oxide emission out of grassland

Grazed grassland which received 295 kg ha^–1 N-fertilizer (NH₄NO₃), split-applied, was used to measure nitrous oxide emission. The closed box method was used. At the same time, also soil cores were taken for incubation in the presence of acetylene. During 280 days in 1992, a total emission of 8.4 kg N₂O-N ha^–1 was found. This was close to 50 % of the total denitrification, which was 18.7 kg (N₂O+N₂)-N ha^–1 over 280 days. A variability study on N₂O emission was carried out on a surface of 1, 100 and 10,000 m², respectively. This study confirmed the lognormal distribution of data with variation coefficients of 20 to 25%. It was also found that the effect of application of 200 kg KNO₃-N on N₂O emission was limited to 2 weeks upon fertilization. It more than doubled the emission rate during this period.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from waste water

The estimation of nitrous oxide emissions is complicated by the high degree of uncertainty on the emission factors involved and by the limited acquaintance with all significant nitrous oxide sources. A potentially important source for which emission data are lacking is the sewage system transporting waste water from human activities. For this study an experimental measurement campaign has been carried out on waste water sampled at different sewage treatment plants. The nitrous oxide developing from the water samples was monitored by means of gas chromatography. The methodological analysis was based on the concentration/time curves obtained. Our results indicate that the formation of nitrous oxide from the waste water matrices results from microbiological denitrification. We deduced tentative emission factors for the waste water types studied.     

Monitoring the Hydrology of Canadian Prairie Wetlands to Detect the Effects of Climate Change and Land Use Changes

There are millions of small isolatedwetlands in the semi-arid Canadian prairies. These`sloughs' are refuges for wildlife in an area that isotherwise intensively used for agriculture. They areparticularly important as waterfowl habitat, with morethan half of all North American ducks nesting inprairie sloughs. The water levels and ecology of thewetlands are sensitive to atmospheric change and tochanges of agricultural practices in the surroundingfields. Monitoring of the hydrological conditions ofthe wetlands across the region is vital for detectinglong-term trends and for studying the processes thatcontrol the water balance of the wetlands. Suchmonitoring therefore requires extensive regional-scaledata complemented by intensive measurements at a fewlocations. At present, wetlands are being enumeratedacross the region once each year and year-roundmonitoring is being carried out at a few locations. Theregional-scale data can be statistically related toregional climate data, but such analyses cast littlelight on the hydrological processes and have limitedpredictive value when climate and land use arechanging. The intensive monitoring network has providedimportant insights but it now needs to be expanded andrevised to meet new questions concerning the effects ofclimate change and land use.     

Fluorescent screening of phytoplankton and organic compounds in sea water

The flow-through spectrofluorometers, FLUO-IMAGER, were developed to measure the abundance of phytoplankton, including the analysis of pigment composition and concentration of organic pollution and dissolved organic matter (DOM), in continuous mode. The measurements can be carried out without the time-consuming pretreatment of water samples. The analytical concept uses the technique of spectral fluorescent signatures (SFS), based on the systematized spectral library comprising the SFS of major phytoplankton species and chemical pollution. The SFS technique has been applied for several years in qualitative and quantitative screening of organic compounds and phytoplankton in the Baltic, North and Norwegian Seas. The results of the analysis of phytoplankton pigments, the dynamic processes of bloom development, DOM and oil pollution are presented.     

Voluntary urban climate programmes: should city governments be involved and,if so,how?

It has been proposed that voluntary urban climate programmes overcome shortfalls in mandatory, top-down, state-led government interventions to address climate change risks. Such programmes seek commitments from households and firms to improve their environmental sustainability, but do not have the force of law. City governments are actively developing and implementing such programmes, seeking improved and accelerated urban climate action. There is little evidence, however, of whether their involvement positively affects voluntary programme performance. This article presents qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of 26 voluntary programmes from Australia, the Netherlands and the US, seeking to understand whether, and if so how, city governments affect the performance of voluntary urban climate programmes. The results will help to inform city governments about the roles they may play in urban climate governance.     

Correction to: Sustainable development goals assessment of Erzurum province with SWOT‑AHP analysis

Environment, Development and Sustainability -