江苏潮滩湿地不同生境互花米草形态与生物量分配特征

通过对江苏潮滩湿地不同生境互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)种群生境特征、形态与生物量分配特征的分析,研究籽实成熟期互花米草形态与生物量分配特征及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)江苏潮滩湿地自海向陆不同生境间互花米草单株地上生物量、各形态指标、叶生物量比、繁殖分配Ⅰ和繁殖分配Ⅱ差异均显著(P<0.05),且与形态指标及其他生物量分配指标相比,繁殖分配的变异系数最大.(2)互花米草发生地米草生长时间最长,各形态指标(除种子数外)及单株地上生物量均最高;定居时间为1 a的米草各形态指标及单株地上生物量均最低.互花米草单株地上生物量及各形态指标分别与种群定居时间之间均呈正相关关系,其中单株地上生物量、茎长、叶长、叶宽、茎直径和种子数与种群定居时间均在α=0.01或α=0.05水平上呈显著正相关.(3)互花米草各形态指标(除种子数外)与土壤有机质、土壤总氮间均在α=0.01或α=0.05水平上呈显著正相关,土壤有机质与总氮是引起互花米草形态特征差异的重要因素.(4)互花米草各生物量分配指标与种群定居时间及土壤环境因子间在大多数情况下相关不显著,在特定的生境中互花米草特殊的生物量分配特征可能是其适应并成功入侵江苏潮滩湿地不同生境的重要原因之一.     

Ozone risk assessment for plants: central role of metabolism-dependent changes in reducing power

The combination of stomatal-dependent ozone flux and total ascorbate level is currently presented as a correct indicator for determining the degree of sensitivity of plants to ozone. However, the large changes in carbon metabolism could play a central role in the strategy of the foliar cells in response to chronic ozone exposure, participating in the supply of reducing power and carbon skeletons for repair and detoxification, and modifying the stomatal mode of functioning. To reinforce the accuracy of the definition of the threshold for ozone risk assessment, it is proposed to also consider the redox pool (NAD(P)H), the ratio between carboxylases and the water use efficiency as indicators of the differential ozone tolerance of plants.     

河北省近岸海域氮磷变化及其影响因素分析

根据2011—2018年河北省近岸海域海水、入海河流、降水中氮和磷的监测数据,分析了海水中氮和磷的变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明:2011—2018年,河北省近岸海域海水中无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)的平均浓度均低于第二类海水水质标准,海域富营养化状况以贫营养和轻度富营养为主,超标(第二类海水水质标准限值)点位和中度、重富营养区域主要集中在沧州市近岸海域。河北省近岸海域海水中DIN的平均浓度在2011—2014年、2015—2017年呈现阶段性上升趋势,2018年大幅下降; DIP的平均浓度在2011—2013年无明显波动,2014年陡增后开始逐年下降; N/P在2011—2014年无明显变化,2015—2018年呈逐年上升趋势。自2016年起,入海河流中氨氮和总磷的平均浓度、降水中氨氮的平均浓度均呈逐年下降趋势。近岸海域海水、入海河流、降水中的氮和磷表现出一定的相关性和协同性,陆源污染输入总量降低是海水中氮磷浓度降低的主要原因。应警惕污染物控制力度的不同所导致的海水中生源要素结构的改变,及其引发的潜在海洋生态风险。     

MBR处理腈纶废水的效能及微生物群落结构分析

采用序批式膜生物反应器(SBMBR)处理腈纶聚合废水和丙烯腈废水,考察了不同废水比例和运行条件下反应器的运行效果,并采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了反应器内微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,SBMBR对腈纶废水具有较好的处理效果,碳源和碱度不足是影响脱氮效果的两个主要因素;在水力停留时间为24 h,90 min缺氧/150 min好氧交替运行的条件下,COD、NH+4-N和TN的平均去除率分别为82.5%、98.7%和74.6%,出水水质可以稳定达到国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)的一级标准;PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,反应器内微生物多样性与进水水质和运行条件密切相关,微生物群落呈现出较明显的演替过程;通过克隆测序,从9个污泥样品中成功鉴定获得22种微生物的16S r DNA序列,并筛选出7种降解腈纶废水的优势菌种.     

黄土丘陵区柠条人工林不同深度土壤呼吸速率对土壤温湿度的响应

明确气候变化背景下生态脆弱区土壤呼吸速率特征和土壤温湿度对其影响,对准确评估和预知该区碳收支具有重要意义.以陕北黄土丘陵区自然撂荒地22 a柠条人工纯林为研究对象,通过CO₂分析仪和温湿度传感器测定不同土层（10、50和100 cm） CO₂浓度平均值和土壤温湿度,采用Fick第一扩散系数法计算土壤呼吸速率,探究不同土层土壤温度、土壤湿度和土壤呼吸速率的动态变化特征,并进一步分析不同土层土壤呼吸速率对土壤温湿度的响应.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率日变化随土层深度增加显著降低（P<0.05）,峰值出现时间存在滞后现象,相邻土层间（10、50和100 cm）土壤呼吸速率由上至下均滞后1 h;6~9月土壤呼吸速率月变化为多峰曲线,其中10、50和100 cm土层土壤呼吸速率最大值分别在7月25日、8月6日和8月10日,达13.96、2.96和1.47 μmol ·（m² ·s）^-1;土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率影响随土层深度增加而减弱,50 cm及以下土层土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响（P>0.05）,10 cm土层指数拟合最优,R²=0.96,50 cm和100 cm土层拟合较差,R²分别为0.00和0.01,温度敏感系数Q₁₀随土层深度增加而减小;不同土层土壤湿度对土壤呼吸速率影响均显著（P<0.05）,二次拟合表现为50 cm （R²=0.35）>10 cm （R²=0.22）>100 cm （R²=0.31）;10、50和100 cm土层土壤温度与土壤湿度的综合作用可解释土壤呼吸速率的96%、6%~50%和22%~24%.综上所述,黄土丘陵区柠条人工纯林不同深度土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸速率影响存在差异,10 cm土层土壤呼吸速率受土壤温湿度的综合影响,但土壤温度的相对贡献更高,50 cm土层及以下土壤湿度为关键因子.研究结果有助于更好地预测未来气候变化对该区陆地生态系统碳循环影响,为温室气体调控提供理论依据.     

Effect of Reprocessing and Accelerated Weathering on ABS Properties

The feasibility of reprocessing has been investigated as a possible alternative for acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer (ABS) recycling. Up to 10 reprocessing cycles have been performed by both extrusion and injection techniques and their effect on thermal and mechanical properties have been studied. Moreover, the effect of the combined reprocessing and accelerated weathering has been analyzed. Measurements collected after each molding cycle indicated virtually complete retention of thermal properties. The same behaviour has been observed from accelerated weathering tests. With respect to the mechanical properties, neither the flow index nor the tensile strength were affected by the number of reprocessing cycles though the impact strength decreased slightly. However, the studies based on the accelerated weathering show that there is an important influence of the number of reprocessing cycles on the tensile strength.     

Application of Dispersion Modelling for Analysis of Particle Pollution Sources in a Street Canyon

The dominating source of particles in urban air is road traffic. In terms of number concentration, its main contribution is within the range of ultrafine particles (Dp < 100 nm). The dispersion conditions, i.e. transport and dilution, of the submicrometer particles are expected to be like for gases and therefore the particle concentrations in a street canyon can be calculated using gaseous pollutants dispersion models. Such processes, like coagulation or condensation, are less important due to the short residence time within the street canyon environment.Two extensive measuring campaigns were conducted in the street Jagtvej in Copenhagen, Denmark. The particle size distributions were measured by a Differential Mobility Analyser (DMA) coupled to a particle counter, providing high time resolution data (1/2 hourly) on a continuous basis. Measurements of NO_x, CO and meteorological parameters were also available. The measured particle number concentrations, especially below 100 nm, reveal very similar dependence on the meteorological conditions as the NO_x concentrations. This underpins the conclusion that dilution properties are similar for particles and NO_x. For particle sizes over 100 nm, somewhat different behaviour is observed. This points toward existence of additional particle sources, not related to traffic emissions within the street canyon. A significant contribution is believed here to be attributed to long-range transport. The total particle emission from traffic, including daily variation and size distribution, has been calculated using the OSPM dispersion model. Results are in accordance with a previous analysis based on statistical modelling.     

Cross-cultural comparison of concrete recycling decision-making and implementation in construction industry

Waste management is pressing very hard with alarming signals in construction industry. Concrete waste constituents major proportions of construction and demolition waste of 81% in Australia. To minimize concrete waste generated from construction activities, recycling concrete waste is one of the best methods to conserve the environment. This paper investigates concrete recycling implementation in construction. Japan is a leading country in recycling concrete waste, which has been implementing 98% recycling and using it for structural concrete applications. Hong Kong is developing concrete recycling programs for high-grade applications. Australia is making relatively slow progress in implementing concrete recycling in construction. Therefore, empirical studies in Australia, Hong Kong, and Japan were selected in this paper. A questionnaire survey and structured interviews were conducted. Power spectrum was used for analysis. It was found that “increasing overall business competitiveness and strategic business opportunities” was considered as the major benefit for concrete recycling from Hong Kong and Japanese respondents, while “rising concrete recycling awareness such as selecting suitable resources, techniques and training and compliance with regulations” was considered as the major benefit from Australian respondents. However, “lack of clients’ support”, “increase in management cost” and “increase in documentation workload, such as working documents, procedures and tools” were the major difficulties encountered from Australian, Hong Kong, and Japanese respondents, respectively. To improve the existing implementation, “inclusion of concrete recycling evaluation in tender appraisal” and “defining clear legal evaluation of concrete recycling” were major recommendations for Australian and Hong Kong, and Japanese respondents, respectively.