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31.
In order to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the PCB analysis, the DMSO partition and SPE extraction were applied to clean up the PCB-contaminated transformer oils and PCB level was determined by means of the quadrupole GC/MS. The analysis data obtained from this method were compared statistically to that from the standard method. 相似文献
32.
Sakuratani Y Noguchi Y Kobayashi K Yamada J Nishihara T 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2008,29(1):89-92
The relationships between the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of chemicals in fish and their size, as characterized by molecular weight (MW), effective cross sectional diameter (Deff), and maximum diameter (Dmax) have been investigated using an experimental data set of 737 new and 441 existing chemicals monitored by the Japanese Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL). Substances with BCF > or = 5000 (very high bioconcentration potential) typically have MW < 550, Deff < 1.1 nm and Dmax < 2.0 nm, respectively and the substances with BCF > or = 1000 (high bioconcentration potential) have MW < 550, Deff < 1.4 nm and Dmax < 2.9 nm, respectively Therefore, the previously suggested threshold values for Deff (0.95 nm) and Dmax (1.5 nm) used for discriminating between bioconcentrative and non-bioconcentrative substances were found to be somewhat small. We found that many substances with BCF > or = 1000 and Dmax > or = 1.5 nm have Deff < 0.95 nm. 相似文献
33.
Angela F. McGaffin Stephen Nicol Patti Virtue Yasuo Hirano Tsuyoshi Matsuda Itaru Uchida Steven G. Candy So Kawaguchi 《Marine Biology》2011,158(8):1743-1755
Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, hatched from eggs and maintained for four years, were sampled periodically for age-pigment analysis. Extractable pigments
from the eye and eyestalk ganglia were quantified using fluorescence intensity and standardised against protein. Three peak
fluorescence intensities were detected at wavelengths of excitation 280 nm, emission 625 nm (pigment 1); excitation 355 nm,
emission 510 nm (pigment 2); and excitation 463 nm, emission 620 nm (pigment 3). There was a positive correlation between
the quantity of pigments 1 and 3 and the age of Antarctic krill. A model was developed to predict age from pigment 3 and to
compare it with other age proxies (carapace length and eyeball diameter). The quantity of pigment 3 was the best predictor
of age. The pigment method can discriminate between similar sized krill aged 12 and 36 months. Age pigments provide an improved
tool for age estimation in Antarctic krill, particularly if used in conjunction with other demographic information. 相似文献
34.
Jun Shishido Keiko Yoshii Yoshihiro Takubo Yoshiaki Okamoto Takeshi Yamamoto Yoshiko Kato Tsutomu Nishihara Masaomi Kondo 《Chemosphere》1984,13(2):339-349
An automated survey system on the chemicals in environments by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer system has been constructed of Three Dimensional Mass Chromatography, Modified Probability Based Matching method, and Self Training Interpretive and Retrieval method. And it was applied to analyze environmental materials, with interesting results. 相似文献
35.
Motomu Toda Masayuki Yokozawa Akihiro Sumida Tsutomu Watanabe Toshihiko Hara 《Ecological modelling》2009
A simulation study was carried out to investigate simultaneously the effects of eco-physiological parameters on competitive asymmetry, self-thinning, stand biomass and NPP in a temperate forest using an atmosphere–vegetation dynamics interactive model (MINoSGI). In this study, we selected three eco-physiological relevant parameters as foliage profiles (i.e. vertical distribution of leaf area density) of individual trees (distribution pattern is described by the parameter η), biomass allocation pattern in individual tree growth (χ) and the maximum carboxylation velocity (Vmax). The position of the maximal leaf area density shifts upward in the canopy with increasing η. For scenarios with η < 4 (foliage concentrated in the lowest canopy layer) or η > 12 (foliage concentrated in the uppermost canopy layer), a low degree of competitive asymmetry was produced. These scenarios resulted in the survival of subordinate trees due to a brighter lower canopy environment when η < 4 or the generation of spatially separated foliage profiles between dominant and subordinate trees when η > 12. In contrast, competition between trees was most asymmetric when 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 (vertically widespread foliage profile in the canopy), especially when η = 8. In such cases, vertically widespread foliage of dominant trees lowered the opportunity of light acquisition for subordinate trees and reduced their carbon gain. The resulting reduction in carbon gain of subordinate trees yielded a higher degree of competitive asymmetry and ultimately higher mortality of subordinate trees. It was also shown that 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 generated higher self-thinning speed, smaller accumulated NPP, litter-fall and potential stand biomass as compared with the scenarios with η < 4 or η > 12. In contrast, our simulation revealed small effects of χ or Vmax on the above-mentioned variables as compared with those of η. In particular, it is notable that greater Vmax would not produce greater potential stand biomass and accumulated NPP although it has been thought that physiological parameters relevant to photosynthesis such as Vmax influence dynamic changes in forest stand biomass and NPP (e.g. the greater the Vmax, the greater the NPP). Overall, it is suggested that foliage profiles rather than biomass allocation or maximum carboxylation velocity greatly govern forest dynamics, stand biomass, NPP and litter-fall. 相似文献
36.
Ichiro Naruse Ryo Yoshiie Tsutomu Kameshima Tsuyoshi Takuwa 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(2):154-160
Homogeneous oxidation reactions of gaseous elemental mercury were experimentally tested to study the behavior of mercury compounds
that contribute to toxic emissions in combustion flue gas. Chemical equilibrium calculations and reaction kinetics analysis
were also carried out to help explain the experimental results. In particular, the chemical forms of oxidized mercury and
their reaction paths were verified in detail. Among the experimental results, molecular chlorine was confirmed to have a higher
oxidizing ability toward elemental mercury than hydrogen chloride does. From the chemical equilibrium calculation, the final
product of mercury compounds oxidized by chlorine was confirmed to be mercury chloride (HgCl2). Numerical analyses of reaction kinetics were mostly consistent with the experimental results and the chemical equilibrium
calculations. The ratio of mercury oxidization by chlorine increases with temperature from 473 K to 873 K, although it decreases
at temperatures higher than 1000 K. Sensitivity analysis revealed the dominant reaction path of the mercury oxidation by chlorine.
First, elemental mercury reacts with Cl radicals to form HgCl. Then, the HgCl reacts with Cl2 to produce HgCl2. 相似文献
37.
Iodine-131 concentrations in tap water higher than 100 Bq L−1 were reported by several local governments in Japan following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Some individuals in the emergency-response community recommended the boiling of tap water to remove iodine-131. However, the tap water boiling tests in this study showed no iodine-131 loss from the tap water with either short-term boiling (1-10 min) or prolonged boiling (up to 30 min) resulting in up to 3-fold volume reductions. In this situation, boiling was shown to be not effective in removing iodine-131 from tap water; indeed even higher concentrations may result from the liquid-volume reduction accompanying this process. 相似文献
38.
Jun Shishido Keiko Yoshii Yoshihiro Takubo Koji Yamamoto Takeshi Yamamoto Yoshiko Kato Tsutomu Nishihara Masaomi Kondo 《Chemosphere》1984,13(2):321-330
A retrieval system of mass spectra based upon the Probability Based Matching method was studied in order to apply it to survey the chemicals in environments by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer system. As retrieval indices, peak missing probability and relative confidence value were proposed. 相似文献
39.
In order to evaluate the selenium (Se) sorption level in Japanese soils, soil/soil solution distribution coefficients (K(d)s) were obtained for 58 agricultural soil samples (seven soil classification groups) using 75Se as a tracer. Although several chemical forms of Se are present in agricultural fields, selenite was used, because it is the major inorganic Se form in acid soils such as found in Japan. The Kd values obtained covered a wide range, from 12 to 1060l/kg, and their arithmetic mean was 315l/kg. Among the soil groups, Andosols had higher Kd values. The Kd values for all samples were highly correlated with soil active-aluminum (Al) and active-iron (Fe) contents. Thus, active-Al and active-Fe were considered to be the major adsorbents of Se. Then, a new sequential extraction procedure was applied to 12 soil samples in order to quantify the effect of soil components on Se adsorption. The sequential extraction results showed that 80-100% of the adsorbed Se was recovered as Al-bound Se and Fe-bound Se. The amount of Al-bound Se was the highest in the soils that showed high Kd values, though the relative contribution of Fe-bound Se tended to increase with decreasing Kd values. The high values of Kd seemed to be caused mainly by the adsorption of Se onto active-Al in Japanese soils. 相似文献
40.
Environmental conditions for the formation of insoluble Tc in water ponds located above paddy fields
Optimum conditions for the formation of insoluble Tc (Tc in >0.2 microm size fraction) were studied using a microcosm including water ponds above a paddy field to understand Tc behavior in such fields. In the microcosm, soluble TcO(4)(-) was converted to insoluble forms, but no changes in the form of Tc were observed in filtered microcosm samples which were microorganisms-free. The formation of insoluble Tc was inhibited by the addition of the antibiotic chloramphenicol. In addition, the reduction of soluble Tc(VII)O(4)(-) to low-valence oxide was not observed in the filtered microcosm samples, although reducing conditions were present. These results indicated that bacteria were involved in the formation of insoluble Tc. Since oxidizing conditions influence bacterial metabolism, the formation of insoluble Tc by bacteria was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The results showed that anaerobic conditions were favorable for the formation of insoluble Tc. In addition, the addition of formate as an electron donor to a microcosm sample facilitated the formation of insoluble Tc. The results suggested that insoluble Tc in the water ponds above paddy fields was caused by bacteria, which were shown to couple the oxidation of formate to the reduction of Tc(VII) during anaerobic respiration. 相似文献