水污染控制规划与GIS

在水污染控制规划中,总量控制是新手段,概率模型是新方法,ＧＩＳ是新工具。利用上述新手段,新方法和新工具,系统地介绍了水污染控制规划,初步探索了基于ＧＩＳ的水污染控制规划的实施途径。     

Investigation of the effects of battery types and power management algorithms on drive cycle simulation for a range-extended electric vehicle powertrain

Fuel cell (FC) hybrid vehicle power trains are an attractive technology especially for automotive applications because of their higher efficiency and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles. This study focuses on the design of an FC hybrid power train system and evaluation of its simulations for a given speed profile through two alternative power management algorithms (PMAs). Parameters suitable for a small vehicle were taken into consideration in the mathematical model of the vehicle. The proposed hybrid power train consists of an energy storage system, composed of a 4-kg battery pack (either lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, nickel metal hydride, or nickel–cadmium) and a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) as the range extender. The PMAs basically aim to fulfill the power requirements of the vehicle and decide how to command the power split between the battery and the FC. The model comprising a DMFC, a battery, and PMAs was developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The polarization curve of the FC was obtained using a one-dimensional DMFC model. Vehicle power requirements for a drive cycle were calculated using the equations of longitudinal dynamics of vehicle, and the results were integrated into MATLAB/Simulink model. As a result of the simulations, methanol consumption, state of charge of the battery, and power output of the FC were compared for the PMAs. This comparison shows the effect of PMAs on the hybrid vehicle performance for three battery types. The results indicate that the vehicle range could be increased when proper strategy is used as PMA.     

水蒸气/氨活化在脉冲电晕脱硫工业中试装置上的应用

在工业中试装置上进行了水蒸气／氨活化实验,同时开展了脉冲电源的调试运行、脱硫副产物收集一体化、工艺参数以及对副产物成份分析等实验。在烟气流量4500～11000m^3／h、反应器入口温度60-70℃、氨硫化学计量比约1：1、系统连续运行和采用一体化的单电场进行脱硫副产物收集的条件下．得到结果：水蒸气／氨活化脱硫效果明显,并且有较好的副产物收集功能,收集效率20％～30％;副产物中SO4^2-：SO3^2-大于95：5,脱硫效率稳定大于90％,副产物收率大于85％。     

Interactions between energy consumption,international trade,and real income in Canada: An empirical investigation from a new version of the Solow growth model

This study investigates the empirical relationship between energy consumption, international trade, and real income in Canada which has an important role in global energy and trade. It employs bound tests to level relationships and conditional error correction models through ARDL specification to a new version of the Solow Growth model. Using annual data of the 1960–2010 period, results reveal a long-term relationship between energy consumption, international trade, and real income in Canada. It is also found that energy exporting activity is the determinant (driver) of energy consumption through the channel of real income and energy consumption is the determinant (driver) of exports through the channel of real income in the long term of the Canadian economy. Exports and energy use are the determinants (drivers) of real income in the long term of the Canadian economy; therefore, as conditional Granger causality tests suggest there is feedback relationship between energy consumption, international trade, and real income in the long term of the Canadian economy. The present study suggests that any energy conservation policies are likely to have negative influence on output and international trade in Canada.     

The influence of biomass energy consumption on CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions: a wavelet coherence approach

In terms of today, one may argue, throughout observations from energy literature papers, that (i) one of the main contributors of the global warming is carbon dioxide emissions, (ii) the fossil fuel energy usage greatly contributes to the carbon dioxide emissions, and (iii) the simulations from energy models attract the attention of policy makers to renewable energy as alternative energy source to mitigate the carbon dioxide emissions. Although there appears to be intensive renewable energy works in the related literature regarding renewables’ efficiency/impact on environmental quality, a researcher might still need to follow further studies to review the significance of renewables in the environment since (i) the existing seminal papers employ time series models and/or panel data models or some other statistical observation to detect the role of renewables in the environment and (ii) existing papers consider mostly aggregated renewable energy source rather than examining the major component(s) of aggregated renewables. This paper attempted to examine clearly the impact of biomass on carbon dioxide emissions in detail through time series and frequency analyses. Hence, the paper follows wavelet coherence analyses. The data covers the US monthly observations ranging from 1984:1 to 2015 for the variables of total energy carbon dioxide emissions, biomass energy consumption, coal consumption, petroleum consumption, and natural gas consumption. The paper thus, throughout wavelet coherence and wavelet partial coherence analyses, observes frequency properties as well as time series properties of relevant variables to reveal the possible significant influence of biomass usage on the emissions in the USA in both the short-term and the long-term cycles. The paper also reveals, finally, that the biomass consumption mitigates CO₂ emissions in the long run cycles after the year 2005 in the USA.     

CdSe量子点的合成及其在重金属离子检测中的应用

以3-巯基丙酸（3-MPA）为修饰剂合成了水溶性CdSe量子点,优化了合成条件,并以其为荧光探针建立了水样中Pb²⁺和Hg²⁺的检测方法。实验结果表明：在n（Se）∶n（Cd²⁺）为1∶6、n（Se）∶n（NaBH₄）为1∶3、n（Cd²⁺）∶n（3-MPA）为1∶6、反应pH为11、回流温度为100 ℃、回流时间为60 min的优化条件下合成的量子点荧光性能较优;量子点的荧光猝灭强度与Pb²⁺或Hg²⁺的质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性范围分别为0.005~10 mg/L和0.001~1 mg/L,检出限分别为0.003 mg/L和0.001 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.23%和1.29%,可应用于实际水样中Pb²⁺和Hg²⁺的检测。     

次氯酸钠废液活化法制备柚子皮活性炭

以柚子皮为原料,采用次氯酸钠废液活化法制备了柚子皮活性炭,通过正交实验优化了制备条件,并运用SEM、FTIR和XRD技术对活性炭产品进行了表征。实验结果表明:制备柚子皮活性炭的最佳工艺条件为炭化温度350℃、次氯酸钠废液含量25%(φ)、次氯酸钠废液活化时间25 min、高温活化温度650℃、高温活化时间60 min;最佳条件下,柚子皮活性炭的产率为31.88%、碘吸附值为854 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值为216.9 mg/g。表征结果显示:活化后的柚子皮炭具有更大的孔体积、更有序的孔径排布和更发达的孔隙结构;柚子皮活性炭表面存在大量的含氧基团;柚子皮活性炭的石墨化度为61.32%,具有较高的稳定性。     

Sulphur-oxidising bacteria isolated from deep caves improve the removal of arsenic from contaminated harbour sediments

Acidophilic S-oxidising bacteria isolated from sulphur-rich deep caves (Frasassi, Italy), characterised by relatively low temperature, were tested for their ability to mobilise (semi-)metals from contaminated sediments. Sediment samples from two commercial Italian seaports were used to set up bioleaching experiments. The effect of different growth substrates was also investigated. Our experiments revealed that S-oxidising bacteria isolated from Frasassi caves have a high potential to remove As from contaminated marine sediments, as never reported before. Although As solubilisation efficiency was quite low (i.e. about 30%), only a small amount of As was associated with non-residual fractions of the sediment. On the contrary, the solubilisation efficiencies of Zn and Ni (20% and 10%, respectively) were lower than those previously obtained by the use of other acidophilic bacteria and mainly influenced by the experimental conditions rather than by the presence of the S-oxidising bacteria. Results presented here open new perspectives in bioleaching applications for the remediation of contaminated sediments. Indeed, microbial strains adapted to relatively low-temperature environments could improve sediment bioleaching at temperature regimes where mesophilic and thermophilic strains are not favoured. Such strains could be exploited for developing selective bioremediation procedures for sediments contaminated with As, to be applied in multistep biotreatment processes.     

The effects of alginate microspheres on phytoremediation and growth of Lemna minor in the presence of Cd

Today, the removal of increased amount of contaminant concentrations in nature such as metals, nanoparticles, has become an essential issue to struggle with. In this paper, both the toxic effects of non-essential Cd on Lemna minor in presence of alginate microspheres and metal removal capacity of Cd-exposed L. minor and microspheres were investigated. Three test groups were constructed: group (L) containing Lemna, group (M) containing alginate microsphere and group (L?+?M) containing alginate microsphere and Lemna. Five different levels of Cd concentrations were added into these groups. Estimation models were constructed to estimate Cd removal capacities of L. minor and microspheres, and time-concentration-dependent growth (GRC) rates of both microsphere-containing and non-containing groups were modelled by regression analysis. It was seen that microspheres alone only had no positive or negative effects on Lemna growth. It was observed that, for all test groups the time-dependent growth rate has both increase–decrease trends in general. The toxicity effect of Cd on Lemna growth was reduced by adding microspheres into medium. Furthermore, the results stated that test groups containing only microspheres (M, 0–97.56%) and consortium groups (M?+?L, 0–98.26%) were slightly more successful in Cd removal process compared to Lemna (L) groups (L, 0–97.32%).     

Measurement of Traffic Related Toxic Air Pollutants in an Urban Atmosphere

Nose-level measurements of air toxics were made along a busy urban street in Ottawa, Canada for 2 hr periods during morning, noon, and afternoon rush hours in the winter and summer of 2000. Measurements were also made in a commuter car and a transit bus during morning and afternoon commutes in 2000. The main objectives of the study were to establish a database, to determine temporal and seasonal variations and to determine the contribution of motor vehicle traffic to the measured toxic substance concentrations. Ottawa is an appropriate choice of location for the measurement of motor vehicle related toxic and reactive compounds, as it has virtually no industrial sources that could be contributing to the ambient loadings. Samples were collected for a total of 165 volatile organic compounds and 25 carbonyl compounds. Sampling and analytical methodologyare discussed and results are presented. Toluene, ethylene andformaldehyde were the most abundant pollutants in Ottawa during both winter and summer. Total non-methane hydrocarbon concentrationwas measured as 100 g m^-3 at nose-level measurements in Ottawa.