Influence of pesticides on acetylene reduction and growth of microorganisms in an organic soil

The effects of 32 pesticides at two concentrations on acetylene reduction (non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation), nitrogen fixers, bacteria and fungi in an organic soil were assessed. None of the pesticide treatments suppressed C2H2 reduction as compared to controls. No significant inhibition of the population of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers occurred. However, stimulatory effects were observed with treatments of fensulfothion, fonofos, oxamyl, DDR, TeloneR and Telone CR. Bacterial and fungal populations showed temporary declines but all recovered within 7 days to levels similar to or higher than those in the controls.     

Effects of arsenic concentrations and forms on arsenic uptake by the hyperaccumulator ladder brake

Ladder brake (Pteris vittata L.) is a newly discovered arsenic hyperaccumulator. No information is available about arsenic effects on ladder brake. This study determined the effects of different arsenic concentrations (50 to 1000 mg kg(-1)) or forms (organic vs. inorganic and arsenite vs. arsenate) applied to soils on growth and arsenic uptake by ladder brake. Young plants were grown in a greenhouse for 12 or 18 wk. Ladder brake was highly tolerant of arsenic and survived in soil containing up to 500 mg As kg(-1). The fact that addition of arsenate up to 100 mg As kg(-1) increased fern biomass by 64 to 107%, coupled with higher arsenic concentration in younger fronds at low soil arsenic concentrations and older fronds at high soil arsenic concentrations, implies that arsenic may be beneficial for fern growth. Addition of 50 mg As kg(-1) was best for fern growth and arsenic accumulation, resulting in the highest fern biomass (3.9 g plant(-1)), bioconcentration factor (up to 63), and translocation factor (up to 25). With an exception of FeAsO4 and AlAsO4, which had the lowest effects due to their low solubility, little difference was observed among other arsenic forms mainly because of arsenic conversion in soil. Aboveground biomass was mostly responsible for accumulation of arsenic by plant (75-99%). Up to 26% of the added arsenic was removed by ladder brake, showing the high efficiency of ladder brake in arsenic removal. The results suggest that ladder brake may be a good candidate to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils.     

Catalytic effect of soil colloids on the reaction between CrVI and p-methoxyphenol

Adsorption of CrVI and p-methoxyphenol (PMP) on soil colloids at different pH media was studied. The resulting k1 and n of 1.89 x 10(2) and 0.53 (r2 = 0.99) and k2 and b of 0.13 and 1.25 x 10(3) (r2 = 0.96) were obtained from Freundlich (Q = k1Caqn) and Langmuir [Q = k2bCaq/(1 + k2Caq)] simulation equations, respectively, for CrVI adsorption on soil colloids (pH 4.20). The adsorption of PMP on soil colloids in pH 5.72 media was simulated by five different equations and the results indicated that the Fritz-Schluender one (r2 = 1.00) was the most suitable among them. Adsorption quantity of CrVI and PMP on colloids increased with increasing acidity in the pH range of 3.5-9.0. Study of CrVI adsorption kinetics indicated that the adsorption equilibrium of CrVI was reached rapidly within 2 h. In pure aqueous solution, CrVI reduction by PMP was observed only when the media's pH was lower than 4.0. Oxidation and reduction reaction between CrVI and p-methoxyphenol obviously occurred when soil colloids were involved in this system, even at pH > or = 7.0, which strongly suggested that minerals in soil colloids acted as catalysts to speed the reaction of CrVI and PMP. The oxidized product of PMP by CrVI, extracted by chloroform in acid media and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was identified as benzoquinone. The reaction included two steps of one electron process.     

Experimental studies on the biokinetics of 134Cs and 24Am in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).

The biokinetics of 134Cs and 241Am in mussel species contaminated through water pathway has been studied under laboratory conditions. At equilibrium, the concentration factors for 134Cs and 241Am in small and large mussels were 2.80 and 2.57 and 200 and 150, respectively. The concentration factor of 134Cs in soft parts of the mussels was significantly high than whole body and shell tissue. However, the concentration factors of 241Am in soft parts and shell tissue samples were found to have similar rates. The depuration kinetics of the radionuclides were described by two-component exponential models. The biological half-lives at slow components between small and large mussels did not change significant, and were found to be 46.8-46.5 and 72.2-75.3 days for 134Cs and 241Am. The depuration kinetics of 134Cs and 241Am in soft parts described a single-component exponential model and the biological half-lives were found to be 29.4 and 41.1 days, respectively.     

淄博市冬季PM2.5载带金属元素污染特征、生态风险评价及来源分析

为研究淄博市城区冬季环境空气PM_2.5载带金属元素的污染特征、来源和生态风险,于2019年1月8～23日在淄博市采集环境空气PM_2.5滤膜样品并分析获取14种金属元素的浓度.结果表明,K含量均值为8 071.6 mg·kg^-1,是含量最高的元素,但未超过山东省A层土壤背景值,说明K主要来自自然源;Zn、 Pb、 Cu、 Cr、 As、 Ni和Cd等元素含量明显低于K元素(28.4～4 282.3 mg·kg^-1),但均明显高于山东省A层土壤背景值,依次为背景值的56.6、 19.0、 7.2、 2.4、 7.3、 1.4和283.8倍,反映出人为源的影响.地累积指数(I_geo)表明,冬季PM_2.5中Cd、 Zn、 Pb、 Cu和As受污染程度较高,均为中度污染及以上.潜在生态风险评价结果显示Cd存在极强的生态危害风险.综合运用相关性分析、富集因子法和主成分分析多种方法解析出,土壤扬尘、机动车尾气、燃煤和冶金行业是淄博市城区环境空气PM_2.5     

人工湿地基质对混合溶液中有机化合物的等温吸附行为

为了给工程实际应用提供科学依据,文章以煤渣、页岩陶粒、砾石、砂子为吸附剂,以苯、1,4-二氯苯、硝基苯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种有机化合物为吸附质,考察了人工湿地基质对混合溶液中有机化合物的等温吸附行为。结果表明,供试基质对目标有机化合物的吸附等温线均属于Langmuir型;Freundlich方程比Langmuir方程能够更好地拟合实验结果;Langmuir方程的不同线性变换在数据拟合时表现出很大的差异性;供试基质对有机化合物的吸附具有明显的选择性,最好用混合基质来构建以去除有机化合物为目的的人工湿地。     

城乡融合区乡村地域多功能空间分异及影响因素——以福州东部片区为例

乡村地域多功能是有效破解城乡二元结构、促进城乡融合发展的重要途径。本文以国家城乡融合发展试验区——福州东部片区为研究区,基于乡镇域尺度分析研究区乡村地域多功能空间分异规律与特征,使用地理探测器分析空间分异的影响因素。结果表明：（1）研究区各乡镇的乡村单一功能空间格局特征表现为农业生产功能在沿海小范围聚集,工业发展和生活保障功能主要集中分布在福州城区边缘郊区和南部乡镇,生态保育功能西部山区大于东部乡镇,而旅游休闲功能主要分布在中北部乡镇和平潭岛;（2）依据LSE模型,将研究区乡镇划分为五功能、四功能、三功能、双功能复合区和单功能主导区,其中拥有五、四功能复合区的乡镇共计58个,占比45.68%,说明研究区乡村地域多功能整体上处于较高水平,城乡融合发展基础良好;（3）乡村地域多功能的空间分异受自然环境、社会经济等内外因素的共同影响,自然环境因素塑造了乡村地域初始与特色功能,地理区位因素促进乡村功能的形成与分化,社会经济是优化乡村功能的基础因素,政策资金是推动乡村多功能转型的主导因素。研究结果为进一步推进区域城乡融合发展与乡村振兴提供科学依据。     

城市间PM2.5源的碳成分谱比较

为了解我国不同城市PM_2.5源的碳成分谱特征和地域差异,采集沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市的燃煤源、柴油车尾气源、汽油车尾气源和餐饮源样品,使用热光透射法分析PM_2.5中的总碳（TC）、有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,以及细分的8种碳组分（OC1,OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1,EC2,EC3和OPC_T）,构建各类污染源碳成分谱.结果表明：3个城市4类源TC/PM_2.5从高到低分别为：餐饮源（65.1%±8.4%）、柴油车尾气源（46.2%±9.5%）、汽油车尾气源（37.7%±3.5%）和燃煤源（17.3%±8.0%）;OC/TC在餐饮源中最高（98.0%±0.5%）,EC/TC在柴油车尾气源中最高（38.6%±8.5%）.3个城市同类源的碳组分含量受污染源细分后的不同类型影响有一定差异,但归一化处理后总体仍表现为燃煤源中OC2（14%~30%）和OC3（13%~23%）含量最高,柴油车尾气源中EC2（22%~56%）含量最高,汽油车尾气源中OC2（24%~41%）、OC1（16%~42%）和OC3（12%~26%）含量最高,餐饮源中OC2（21%~43%）和OC3（23%~49%）含量最高.不同污染源的OC/EC值为燃煤源在0.4~7.6之间,柴油车尾气源在0.2~5.6之间,汽油车尾气源在1.1~38.5之间,餐饮源在6.4~170.2之间.分歧系数结果显示3个城市不同源的碳成分谱具有差异性,同类源的碳成分谱具有相似性.将3个城市同类源碳成分谱合并后利用化学质量平衡灵敏度矩阵得到OC2,OC3,OC4,EC1和OPC_T可共同作为燃煤源的标识组分;EC2是柴油车尾气源的标识组分;OC1,OC2和OC3可共同作为汽油车尾气源的标识组分;OC2和OC3可共同作为餐饮源的标识组分.沈阳市、十堰市和乌鲁木齐市相同污染源相似的碳成分谱和一致的标识碳组分可为国内其他城市相关研究提供数据参考.     

沈阳市采暖期与非采暖期空气PM2.5污染特征及来源分析

为了研究沈阳市采暖期与非采暖期空气PM_(2.5)污染特征及来源,于2015年1月29日～2016年1月26日在沈阳市采集PM_(2.5)有效样品113组,并分析了其载带的水溶性离子、碳组分及元素组分.结果表明,采样期间沈阳市PM_(2.5)质量浓度均值为66μg·m~(-3),其中31. 0%的样品超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)日均值二级标准(75μg·m~(-3)),采暖期PM_(2.5)的平均浓度和超标率(90μg·m~(-3)、68. 6%)明显高于非采暖期(51μg·m~(-3)、31. 4%).采样期间21种元素(除了Mg、Ti、Ca、Fe、Si)、水溶性离子(除Ca~(2+)以外)和OC、EC质量浓度均呈现出采暖期高于非采暖期的趋势;[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]比值表明非采暖期受移动源影响明显增加,燃煤等固定源仍是采暖期PM_(2.5)的主要来源,PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子是固定源和移动源共同作用的结果;氮氧化率(NOR)和硫氧化率(SOR)分析得到NO_x二次转化程度较弱,SO_2二次转化程度较强,特别是在非采暖期;富集因子结果表明EF值较高的元素主要来自燃煤、交通污染和工业排放. PM_(2.5)组分重构质量与实测质量呈现较好的相关性,采暖期和非采暖期PM_(2.5)中主要组分均为有机物(OM 28. 0%、23. 1%)、矿物尘(MIN 14. 5%、26. 0%)和SO_4~(2-)(15. 1%、19. 9%),PM_(2.5)受二次粒子、燃烧源和扬尘源影响较大.