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71.
Archaeochronometry uses luminescence dating to reveal ages of sediments and artefacts. Uncertainties in luminescence ages are partly related to the dating procedure, which uses grain separates. This is particularly true for stone surfaces, which require an imaging method for luminescence detection. Here we present the development of a novel luminescence device with high spatial resolution as well as signal-to-noise ratio and data processing software that now allows us to determine palaeodoses and potentially the dose-rate for cut sections of rocks and artefacts. The determination of the luminescence age of single mineral grains within sections and even of selected zones within grains becomes feasible, opening up a wide field of new applications. 相似文献
72.
Dr. Ulrich Gembruch Molly Chatterjee Rainer Bald Gerd Eldering Helga Göcke Andreas E. Urban Manfred Hansmann 《黑龙江环境通报》1990,10(4):211-217
A case of aortic atresia with insufficiency of mitral valve diagnosed prenatally at 33 weeks of gestation is presented. An accurate diagnosis of this fetal cardiovascular malformation was possible by application of Doppler colour flow mapping, which demonstrated (a) the absence of forward flow in the hypoplastic ascending aorta, (b) reverse flow of blood from the ductus arteriosus into the severely hypoplastic ascending aorta in the late systole, (c) pansystolic mitral valve regurgitation, and (d) absent flow across the foramen ovale as a result of premature closure of the foramen ovale. 相似文献
73.
74.
Bestimmung von Nitrodiphenylaminen und verwandten Verbindungen im Sickerwasser einer Rüstungsaltlast
Goal, Scope and Background
Nitrodiphenylamines can be found at abandoned military sites where the explosive 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrodiphenylamine (hexyl) or diphenylamine as a stabilizer of smokeless powder was handled. Aim of the present study is the development of HPLC methods for the analysis of contaminants which can be expected in particular under aerobic conditions at premises which are contaminated by nitrodiphenyl-amines and related compounds.Methods
A list of 13 compounds which can be expected at these explosives factories was deduced from literature studies. HPLC methods were developed for the analytes. Water samples from the unsaturated zone of a former hexyl-producing factory were collected by suction cups and the material was analysed according to these procedures to demonstrate the practicability of the new methods and to verify the existence of the postulated compounds in the environment of the former nitration plant.Results and Conclusion
The new HPLC methods are suitable for the exploration of sites contaminated by nitrodiphenylamines. Beside some hexyl its intermediates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine und 2,2′,4,4′-tetranitrodiphenylamine were identified in the leachate water.Recommendation and Perspective
It is advisable to include at least these 4 compounds in the examination of former hexyl-producing plants. Several unknown peaks were observed in the HPLC-chromatogram. It is recommendable to perform further investigations of the unidentified compounds to compile a final list of analytes for military sites polluted by nitrodiphenylamines. 相似文献75.
Erisman JW Vermeulen A Hensen A Flechard C Dämmgen U Fowler D Sutton M Grünhage L Tuovinen JP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,133(3):403-413
Monitoring and modelling of deposition of air pollutants is essential to develop and evaluate policies to abate the effects related to air pollution and to determine the losses of pollutants from the atmosphere. Techniques for monitoring wet deposition fluxes are widely applied. A recent intercomparison experiment, however, showed that the uncertainty in wet deposition is relatively high, up to 40%, apart from the fact that most samplers are biased because of a dry deposition contribution. Wet deposition amounts to about 80% of the total deposition in Europe with a range of 10-90% and uncertainty should therefore be decreased. During recent years the monitoring of dry deposition has become possible. Three sites have been operational for 5 years. The data are useful for model development, but also for model evaluation and monitoring of progress in policy. Data show a decline in SO(2) dry deposition, whereas nitrogen deposition remained constant. Furthermore, surface affinities for pollutants changed leading to changes in deposition. Deposition models have been further developed and tested with dry deposition measurements and total deposition measurements on forests as derived from throughfall data. The comparison is reasonable given the measurement uncertainties. Progress in ozone surface exchange modelling and monitoring shows that stomatal uptake can be quantified with reasonable accuracy, but external surface uptake yields highest uncertainty. 相似文献
76.
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78.
Summary The Malayan ant Dolichoderus cuspidatus lives in obligatory symbiosis with the pseudococcid Malaicoccus formicarii and other species of the same genus. The assemblies, which may be encountered up to 25 m away from the nest, are constantly covered with a great number of worker ants who protect them and receive honeydew. In the event of heavy rain the workers from a dense protective cluster, clinging to each other on top of the mealybugs. Neither hunting behavior nor active search for protein sources was observed in D. cuspidatus, although dead insects were accepted as food. When not searching for new plants, the activity of the ants outside the colony is limited to visiting the mealybugs. During the night and parts of the day the ants stay in their nest. Ant colonies deprived of their mealybugs are not viable due to their dependence on the symbiosis and because of the competition of other ants. Antless M. formicarii are likewise not viable. The mealybugs are extremely polyphagous and feed on many different monocotylous and dicotylous angiosperms. They feed exclusively on the phloem sap of young plant parts which are rich in amino acids. Dolichoderus cuspidatus workers carry the mealybugs to such locations. During the picking up and carrying process both partners display typical behavioral patterns. The colonization of new feeding sites takes place in well organized mass processions. During the foundation or disintegration of large feeding complexes, provisional depots with waiting mealybugs and ants are set up. The pseudococcids are carried not only while shifting the feeding sites, but also whenever the colony leaves its former nesting site and especially when any kind of disturbance occurs. They are even carried about without any apparent external cause, which leads to the fact that, at all times of trail activity, on average more than 10% of all ants using the trails carry mealybugs. Mealybugs are also present within the nest, especially adult females which are viviparous and give birth to their offspring there. Censused colonies each consisted of over 10 000 workers, about 4000 larvae and pupae, more than 5000 mealybugs and one ergatoid queen. Male winged ants were observed in large numbers during the dry season (January–February) and during the rainy season (September–October). The colonies form typical clumplike bivouac nests consisting of clusters of workers clinging to each other, thereby covering the brood and the mealybugs. The nesting site is in no way altered by constructive measures and is mostly found close to the ground. The preferred nesting sites are clusters of leaves, and cavities in wood or soil, although a freely hanging bivouac between a few branches may be set up as well. As soon as the distance between the nest and the feeding site is too great the colony moves to the feeding site, whereby the brood and the mealybugs are carried along in a well organized manner. During such nest-moving the establishment of intermediate depots can be observed. A shift of nest sites can also be induced by disturbances or by a change in the microclimate in the vicinity of the nest. Colonies multiply by budding. The tropical rain forest continuously offers different sprouting plants, the utilization of which requires extreme mobility on the part of the consumer. The unique behavioral strategy of D. cuspidatus, to carry constantly their polyphagous mealybug partners to new feeding sites and to take the whole colony there has enabled this ant and its symbiont to occupy this rich food niche. Dolichoderus cuspidatus is the first true nomad found in ants. 相似文献
79.
Ulrich Lüttge 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1997,84(12):526-534
Tintenstrich communities receive their name from the black strips on rocks, which are particularly spectacular on the background of white
limestone and dolomite. They are dominated by cyanobacteria, green photosynthesizing procaryotes. However, cyanobacterial
crusts are ubiquitous and much more widespread. On bare substratum on walls and rocks in temperate, arid, and tropical zones
they are subject to severe stress by insolation, heat, and either too little or too much water. An array of ecophysiological
traits allow them to endure this multifactorial stress. Particular features of their photosynthetic membranes may facilitate
dissipation of surplus photosynthetically active radiation; special sun-screen pigments protect them from UV radiation, they
are desiccation tolerant, concentrate inorganic carbon for photosynthetic fixation, and assimilate atmospheric dinitrogen.
With their own success on bare substratum they become pioneers for other organisms. 相似文献
80.
Ommatidia (the compound eye's functional units) in insects are formed by the recruitment of undifferentiated cells under
the control of signalling factors. During this process, a sequence of "preclusters" composed of specifically arranged precursor
cells is followed. In the growth zone of the eye of Triops, an ancestral crustacean, we observed a patterning process that corresponds well with that of insects. In both taxa, clusters
with arc-like, five-cell and eight-cell patterns are found, and the sequence in which the photoreceptor or R-cells of each
ommatidium become identifiable is basically the same. The first to appear are R8-like and R2/5-like cells, second are R3/4-like,
and third are R1/6- and R7-like cells (if the fly's cell-numbering system is used). Thus, the morphogenetic steps during which
the cell identities and the cellular architecture of the ommatidia develop appear to be conserved between these arthropod
groups. Furthermore, the individual cells and cell pairs which build an insect ommatidium seem to have their homologues in
crustaceans. In the evolution of developmental processes, intercellular recruitment seems to be a mechanism operating on the
level of single cells even in distantly related species.
Received: 12 May 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 17 May 2000 相似文献