2018年春节期间京津冀地区污染过程分析

为了解2018年春节期间京津冀地区空气污染情况,利用近地面污染物浓度数据、激光雷达组网观测数据,结合WRF气象要素、颗粒物输送通量和HYSPLIT气团轨迹综合分析污染过程.结果表明,春节期间出现3次污染过程.春节前一次污染过程,各站点PM_2.5浓度均未超过200μg/m³;除夕夜,廊坊站点PM_2.5峰值浓度达到504μg/m³,是清洁天气的26倍;年初二^初五,各站点PM_2.5始终高于120μg/m³,且污染主要聚集在500m高度以下,北京地区存在高空传输,800m处最大输送通量达939μg/(m³?s),此次重污染过程为一次典型的区域累积和传输过程.京津冀地区处于严格管控状态时,燃放烟花爆竹期间PM_2.5峰值浓度可达无燃放时PM_2.5峰值的3.2倍.为防止春节期间重污染现象的发生,需对静稳天气下燃放烟花炮竹采取预防对策.     

Modelling leachate quality and quantity in municipal solid waste landfills.

The operational phase of landfills may last for 20 years or more. Significant changes in leachate quality and generation rate may occur during this operational period. A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the landfill leachate behaviour and distributions of moisture and leachate constituents through the landfill, taking into consideration the effects of time-dependent landfill development on the hydraulic characteristics of waste and composition of leachate. The model incorporates governing equations that describe processes influencing the leachate production and biochemical processes taking place during the stabilization of wastes, including leachate flow, dissolution, acidogenesis and methanogenesis. To model the hydraulic property changes occurring during the development stage of the landfills, a conceptual modelling approach was proposed. This approach considers the landfill to consist of cells or columns of cells, which are constructed at different times, and considers each cell in the landfill to consist of several layers. Each layer is assumed to be a completely mixed reactor containing uniformly distributed solid waste, moisture, gases and micro-organisms. The use of the proposed conceptual model enables the incorporation of the spatial changes in hydraulic properties of the landfill into the model and also makes it possible to predict the spatial and temporal distributions of moisture and leachate constituents. The model was calibrated and partially verified using leachate data from Keele Valley Landfill in Ontario, Canada and data obtained from the literature. Ranges of values were proposed for model parameters applicable for real landfill conditions.     

滑脱流动影响的低渗储层甲烷运移采出规律研究

为了达到低渗储层甲烷抽采过程甲烷采井优化设计和产能准确预测的目的,基于现场测井数据,采用非线性流体数值计算方法,以柳林煤层甲烷试验采区为例,对滑脱流动影响的煤层甲烷采场压力非线性分布和产能预测进行研究。数值计算结果表明:低渗储层甲烷运移采出受气体滑脱流动影响显著,考虑滑脱流动影响时,采场压力衰减区域变大,气体速率变快;对比测井产能历史拟合数据发现,计算所得的滑脱流动影响的产能预测值更加准确。由计算结果验证了单井开采具有采场压力影响范围较小,产能较低等缺点,并得出五采出四压裂的布井方式是既能够准确预测产能又能够更好避免井间干扰效应的最优布井方式。     

官厅水库周边土壤重金属空间变异特征及风险分析

在官厅水库周边2～10 km范围内系统测定了8种重金属元素的含量,利用GIS技术和地统计分析方法,研究了重金属元素的空间变异特征及环境风险.结果表明,Cd是该区域主要的污染物,检测值（0.68±0.17） mg/kg相当于国家1级标准的3.4倍,40%的区域超过国家2级标准.土壤中7种重金属（Ni除外）的空间变异主要缘自于施肥、耕作及种植制度等人为活动引起的随机性因素,空间格局呈现西高东低,并呈洋河至怀来县区段污染最重的趋势.单因子污染指数和单因子生态危害系数Cd均显著高于其他重金属元素,复合污染指数呈库北高于库南,西部高于东部的空间趋势,复合生态风险指数南北向也有类似分布特征,东西向集中在怀来县、延庆县和中部北辛堡镇3个区域,说明高环境污染区将伴随高的生态风险,人口密集、工业化程度较高的城镇区域更容易引起生态危害.     

泥浆系统中Fe2+活化过碳酸钠降解三氯乙烯

主要探究泥浆系统中Fe2+活化过碳酸钠(SPC)降解三氯乙烯(TCE)的效果。通过批次实验研究土壤对TCE的吸附作用,并考察泥浆系统中SPC和Fe2+投加量对TCE去除效果的影响。结果表明,土壤对TCE具有一定的吸附作用;泥浆系统中,土壤含有的有机质越多,TCE去除效果越低;当SPC/TCE摩尔比为5/1~20/1时,SPC投加量对TCE去除影响不明显,TCE去除效果随Fe2+投加量增大而提高。当水土质量比为30/1,TCE初始浓度为20 mg/L时,SPC/Fe2+/TCE最优摩尔比为10/30/1,此时TCE最终去除率达到97.5%。综上所述,Fe2+活化过碳酸钠降解三氯乙烯快速高效,为应用于实际场地修复提供有效的理论依据。     

聚磺钻井废水物化-生物协同处理技术

深井超深井聚磺钻井废水具有高色度、高悬浮物和高COD的特点,现有的物化处理技术存在的吸附剂再生困难、水处理剂用量大的缺陷。采用生物降解和膜分离技术,室内研究了物化-生物协同工艺的处理效果,并在川东北高酸性气田大湾404-1H和元坝222等井开展了现场实验。实验结果表明,处理后的水质全部达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的一级标准。     

黄土地区石油钻井废弃泥浆处置对策研究

石油勘探开发过程中大量的废弃钻井泥浆会引起土壤、地表水和地下水的污染。选择长庆油田陕北采区区内5个井场的钻井泥浆进行研究,探索了石油钻井泥浆的处置对策。结果发现,物理方法很难直接从泥浆中分离出水。因此必须先破坏泥浆的胶体结构,使其失去稳定性,才能实现固液分离。为此提出了铁盐破胶,以粉煤灰、石灰为主凝固剂,外加黄土为辅料的泥浆固化处置技术。该技术处理泥浆的优化条件是：三氯化铁用量为0.6%,粉煤灰用量为25%,石灰用量为6%,黄土用量为40%。结果表明,采用该工艺处理废弃泥浆是行之有效的,使处理后水质各项指标均符合《综合污水排放标准》（GB 8978-1996）二级标准。     

膜探针的制备及PVA/PEG/PVP在膜污染过程中的作用

为了进一步研究膜的抗污染性能,介绍了一种新型膜探针技术。将二氧化硅颗粒黏附在探针尖端,并将含不同添加剂的铸膜液涂覆于二氧化硅表面以制成一种改性膜探针。采用原子力显微镜测量不同改性膜-污染物和污染物-污染物之间的黏附力。实验结果表明:膜-污染物之间的黏附力远大于污染物-污染物之间的黏附力;膜对二级出水(effluent organic matter,EfOM)通量的衰减幅度与膜-污染物之间黏附力正相关,与污染物-污染物之间黏附力的相关性不明显;(3)膜通量的恢复率与膜-污染物黏附力大小负相关。     

The effects of endosulfan on the great ramshorn snail Planorbarius corneus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): a histopathological study

In this study the great ramshorn snail (Planorbarius corneus), one of the most abundant gastropod of Turkish limnic systems, was investigated to determine the histopathological effects of endosulfan on the digestive gland, foot and mantle under laboratory conditions. Samples were collected from small artificial pools in Karaot at Gelendost-Isparta (southwest of Turkey), where agricultural activities are widespread. The snails were exposed to two sublethal concentrations of endosulfan (0.4 and 0.8 mg/l) for periods of 10, 20 and 30 days. Fifteen snails were kept in 2.5 l glass jars containing dechlorinated tap water and exposed under semi-static test (daily exchange of test water). All the testing was carried out on adult specimens, and snails were maintained on a photothermal period with 16 light hours at 22 +/- 2 degrees C. The histopathological examinations revealed the following changes: amoebocytes infiltration, dilatation in hemolymphatic spaces between the tubules, degeneration of cells, abnormal lumen, necrosis of cells and atrophy in the connective tissue of digestive gland; desquamation of the epithelium cells, changes in the number of mucocytes and protein gland cells, lipid vacuolus and atrophy of the columnar muscle fibers of the foot and mantle tissues. Pycnotic state of cells was also seen in the mantle tissues. Endosulfan caused significant histopathological alterations in the digestive gland, foot and mantle tissues of the snail, irrespective of concentrations of the pesticide and its exposure periods. The results are discussed, particularly in comparison to those of other aquatic organisms.     

PCR-DGGE技术解析A~2/O工艺好氧单元中微生物群落结构

应用PCR-DGGE方法,追踪了汉沽工业废水处理中好氧工艺的活性污泥系统中微生物群落结构动态变化过程及其微生物群落结构组成。研究结果表明：系统中的微生物群落结构随水质变化而变化,随着培养时间的延长,微生物群落结构趋于稳定,分别属于5大类群,与γ、δ、α、ε变形杆菌（Proteobacterias）、芽孢杆菌（Bacilli）的亲缘关系较近。其中γ变形杆菌是该废水处理过程中的主要菌群,包括Pseudomonas sp.、Rheinheimera sp.、Citrobacter sp.、Klebsiella sp.、Enterbacte-riaceae、Stenotrophomonas maltophilia、Acinetobacter。在整个系统中uncultured Pseudomonas sp.、Halobacillus sp.、Pseudomonassp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.可稳定存在于系统中,为该污水处理系统中的优势微生物。因此,提高Halobacillussp.、Pseudomonas sp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.菌属在系统中的数量和质量,有利于提高废水生化处理的效果。