浙江省台风灾害及应急机制建设

针对浙江省特殊的地理位置和气候条件，研究分析了台风灾害的特点以及应急机制建设的情况。在此基础上，提出了提高预防台风灾害能力的建议。     

The effects of alginate microspheres on phytoremediation and growth of Lemna minor in the presence of Cd

Today, the removal of increased amount of contaminant concentrations in nature such as metals, nanoparticles, has become an essential issue to struggle with. In this paper, both the toxic effects of non-essential Cd on Lemna minor in presence of alginate microspheres and metal removal capacity of Cd-exposed L. minor and microspheres were investigated. Three test groups were constructed: group (L) containing Lemna, group (M) containing alginate microsphere and group (L?+?M) containing alginate microsphere and Lemna. Five different levels of Cd concentrations were added into these groups. Estimation models were constructed to estimate Cd removal capacities of L. minor and microspheres, and time-concentration-dependent growth (GRC) rates of both microsphere-containing and non-containing groups were modelled by regression analysis. It was seen that microspheres alone only had no positive or negative effects on Lemna growth. It was observed that, for all test groups the time-dependent growth rate has both increase–decrease trends in general. The toxicity effect of Cd on Lemna growth was reduced by adding microspheres into medium. Furthermore, the results stated that test groups containing only microspheres (M, 0–97.56%) and consortium groups (M?+?L, 0–98.26%) were slightly more successful in Cd removal process compared to Lemna (L) groups (L, 0–97.32%).     

粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜处理水中悬浮物的抗污染特性

粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜是一种新型的廉价无机膜,为研究其抗污染性能,研究了自制的管式膜在处理几种典型料液中的分离性能和渗透性能.考察了过滤不同料液过程中的阻力构成和膜的抗污染特性,并且和文献报道的同类过程中其他膜材料的性能进行了比较.实验进行了2~45 h无反冲、无清洗的连续运行.在过滤粉煤灰悬浮液、高龄土悬浮液和斜生栅藻悬浮液过程中,截留率可以达到100%,过滤阻力低于类似条件下的其他膜材料,在长时间运行后仍能保持较高的通量,表现出良好的抗污染性能.在过滤活性污泥时,截留率达到99.8%,单位压力下过滤通量达到1 170 L/(m·h·MPa).和其他膜材料相比,单位压力下的过滤通量表现出明显的优势.     

阳极石墨毡酸处理对微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能的影响

通过石墨毡表面润湿性的变化,确定了硝酸酸化处理石墨毡的操作条件。采用硝酸处理后的石墨毡作为电极材料,构建双室无介体微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)型BOD传感器,并对BOD传感器的性能进行评价。结果表明,硝酸酸化处理明显提高石墨毡表面的润湿性,经过4 h酸化处理,石墨毡的表面接触角由142.5°下降到86.5°。采用硝酸处理的石墨毡作为电极材料,MFC的电流输出明显提高且稳定,在响应时间小于10 h条件下,废水BOD检测上限为100 mg/L。废水BOD浓度在2~50 mg/L范围内,可以利用BOD浓度与电流最大值之间的线性关系进行废水BOD浓度检测,废水BOD浓度在2~100 mg/L范围内,可以利用BOD浓度与电荷量之间的线性关系对废水BOD浓度进行检测,检测相对误差均在12%以下。MFC型BOD传感器运行稳定,相对标准偏差均在10%以下。     

膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器处理啤酒废水

对接种市政消化污泥的膨胀颗粒污泥床（EGSB）反应器的启动及启动成功后在35℃和15℃时的运行特性进行了研究。结果表明：EGSB反应器采用低进水COD、高有机负荷方式,46d快速启动成功;在35℃、HRT为3．4h、液体上升流速为2．80m／h的条件下,COD去除率均能保持在90．0％以上;温度在进水COD为450mg／L左右时对COD去除率影响不明显,但在1700mg／L左右时影响明显;EGSB反应器能在15℃的低温条件下稳定高效运行;在短时间内经历15℃→50℃→15℃的温度冲击和4．32kg／（m^3·d）到15．50kg／（m^3·d）的负荷冲击后能在8d和14d内快速恢复;经历35℃→17℃→35℃的温度冲击后,COD去除率的恢复没有出现滞后期。     

渭河流域"05.10"洪涝灾害特征分析

利用2005年9~10月渭河流域内各气象站和水文站的资料,对2005年渭河流域致洪暴雨的雨情、水情及灾情进行分析。对洪水的特征,水情、河道的概况,特大洪灾的降水特点进行总结,得出“05.10”洪水具有降水范围广、水位高、洪水倒灌、灾害重等特征,造成的经济损失严重。揭示了洪灾形成的主要原因,从而对减少洪灾的形成和流域的治理提出有关建议,达到防灾减灾的目的。     

Concentrations of some heavy metals in water, sediment and fish species from the Atatürk Dam Lake (Euphrates), Turkey

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn) were measured in the water, sediment and fish species (Acanthobrama marmid, Chalcalburnus mossulensis, Chondrostoma regium, Carasobarbus luteus, Capoetta trutta and Cyprinus carpio) from the Atatürk Dam Lake, Turkey. Among the heavy metals studied Cd, Co, Hg, Mo and Pb were not detected in water, sediments and fish samples, while Ni was undetectable levels in fish samples. Levels of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn varied depending on different tissues. The results of this study indicated that a general absence of serious pollution in the dam lake is due to heavy metals, where as the concentrations of elements found could mainly be attributed to geological sources.     

吹脱法去除深度脱水污泥水中的氨氮

针对污水处理厂剩余污泥深度脱水污泥水高氨氮、高pH、高碱度的特点,考察了气水比、水温和吹脱时间对其氨氮吹脱效果的影响,分析了吹脱过程中污泥水pH下降和结垢问题。深度脱水污泥水高pH和高碱度的环境有利于氨氮吹脱的顺利进行,而提高气水比和温度均能改善吹脱效率。氨氮吹脱会造成污泥水pH下降,这有助于其后续处理。污泥水吹脱过程中还出现了Ca2+浓度下降和固体物质析出的现象,能谱分析结果显示析出物主要成分为CaCO3。     

基于生命周期评价的多晶硅片环境影响研究

选用我国终点破坏类影响评价模型（Chinese endpoint damage model,CEDM）,采用生命周期评价(LCA)法研究了我国多晶硅片生命周期环境影响。通过座谈和问卷调研的方式,获得多晶硅片生命周期能量物质的输入/输出和环境外排数据。结果表明：从环境影响的最终破坏受体来看,我国多晶硅片生命周期环境影响主要集中在对人体健康的损害方面,占70.21%;其次是对资源衰竭方面的影响,占26.22%;而对生态系统的损害最小,仅占3.57%。从各环境要素来看,由多晶硅原料带来的环境影响是所有环境要素中最高的,占70.83%;其次是电耗和砂浆液,分别占19.44%和7.62%;生产过程污染物排放对环境的影响仅占0.07%。降低多晶硅片环境影响应首先考虑减少原料消耗;其次考虑节能和废砂浆循环利用。我国多晶硅片环境影响略高于欧洲平均水平,主要是由原料端(高纯多晶硅)差异导致。     

高浓度难降解工业废水菌种筛选及其降解特性

使用富集、稀释涂平板的方法从制药、染料、化工及精细化工、食品等多家工厂的混合高浓度难降解化工废水中筛选到8株细菌,经16S rDNA鉴定为Bacillus aquimaris、Enterobacter、Pseudomonas putida、Microbacterium、Agrobacterium、Alpha proteobacterium、Planococcus rifietoensis,其中两株细菌为Bacillus aquimaris。对各单一菌种生长条件的研究表明,各菌种生长的最适pH为7,最适接种量为15%（v/v）,最适生长温度为37℃,其中Pseudomonas putida的最适生长温度为30℃。在最适生长条件下,研究了各单一菌种及不同组合的混合菌种对废水的降解效果,结果表明在单一菌种中Pseudomonas putida对废水的降解效果最优,混合菌的降解效果优于单一菌种的降解效果,混合菌可将废水COD由1 249 mg/L降至97 mg/L,比普通活性污泥对废水的去除率提高了14.7%。