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631.
Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and associated ammonia emission for the developing countries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A.F. Bouwman K.W. Van Der Hoek 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1997,31(24):4095-4102
Livestock production and the use of synthetic fertilizer are responsible for about half of the global emission of NH3. Depending on the animal category between 10 and 36% of the N in animal excreta is lost as NH3. The current annual NH3 emission in developing countries of 15 million ton N accounts for of the global emission from animal excreta. In addition, 7.2 million tons NH3N of synthetic N fertilizers are lost as NH3 in developing countries. This is 80% of the global NH3 emission from synthetic fertilizer's use. Along with human population increase and economic growth, livestock production in developing countries may even increase by a factor of 3 between now and 2025. The net result of rapid increase of livestock production combined with higher efficiency is an increase in NH3 emissions of only 60% from 15 to 24 million tons NH3N between 1990 and 2025 in developing countries. Livestock production is an important consumer of feedstuffs, mainly cereals, thereby inducing additional demand for synthetic fertilizers. Despite the projected major increase of synthetic fertilizer use from 42 to 106 million ton N between 1990 and 2025, the NH3 loss in developing countries may decrease if a shift towards other fertilizer types, that are less vulnerable to NH3 volatilization, is realized. According to the scenario, the total emission of NH3 associated with food production in developing countries will increase from 22 to 30 million ton N yr−1 between 1990 and 2025. Although the NH3 emission increases more slowly than food production, in particular, animal production may show geographic concentration in certain regions, which may lead to high local emission densities and associated environmental problems. 相似文献
632.
H. Brandenburg J. H. P. Der Van Meulen M. G. J. Jahoda J. W. Wladimiroff M. Niermeijer J. D. F. Habbema 《黑龙江环境通报》1994,14(4):243-256
Genetic counselling in a dizygotic twin pregnancy is complicated by the large number of possible pregnancy outcomes and by the conceivable differences in the parental valuation of these outcomes. We present the probability distributions of the pregnancy outcomes in dizygotic twin pregnancies for women from 35 to 45 years old without prenatal diagnosis and with transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (TA-CVS) or amniocentesis (AC), using data from the literature. TA-CVS always gives a higher probability of a favourable pregnancy outcome (the birth of one or two infants with a normal karyotype) than AC. For a 35-year-old woman, a 0·7 per cent risk of an unfavourable pregnancy outcome without prenatal diagnosis has to be weighed against the 2·1 per cent excess risk of loss of the entire pregnancy after TA-CVS. For a 45-year-old woman, a 10·2 per cent risk of an unfavourable pregnancy outcome without TA-CVS has to be balanced against a 4·4 per cent excess risk of pregnancy loss after TA-CVS. This study provides a quantitative tool for the support of individual parents with respect to the decision to undergo prenatal diagnosis in a dizygotic twin pregnancy. 相似文献
633.
Dr O. P. Van Diggelen H. Von Koskull P. Ämmälä G. T. M. Vredeveldt H. C. Janse W. J. Kleijer 《黑龙江环境通报》1988,8(9):661-663
Wolman's disease was diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy by the direct demonstration of acid lipase deficiency in chorionic villi. The diagnosis was confirmed by studies on cultured chorionic villus cells and fetal skin fibroblasts. Acid lipase activity was assayed with both 4-methylumbelliferyl-palmitate and radiolabelled cholesterol oleate as substrates. The higher specificity of the enzyme for the latter, natural, substrate makes it superior in prenatal diagnosis. 相似文献
634.
Eelgras (Zostera marina L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea historically covered an area varying from 65–150 km2 in the eulittoral as well as the sublittoral zones. At present, this area comprises less than 1 km2 eulittoral eelgrass stands, with an associated decrease in habitat diversity. The causes for this decline are presumably
connected with the ‘wasting disease’ and the closure of the former Zuiderzee in the early 1930s resulting in increased tidal
range and increased currents. After a slight recovery of the eelgrass populations on the intertidal flats a definite decline
started in the early 1970s, possibly connected to increased turbidity. The present water quality and turbidity do not negatively
influence eelgrass growth up to a depth of at least 0.6m below Mean Sea Level. Based on mesocosm experiments and field experiments
it is concluded that re-establishment of eelgrass should be possible in sheltered bays and on unexposed tidal falts. The most
suitable depths for a reintroduction are those between 0 and 20–40 cm below mean sea level. 相似文献
635.
Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: a synthesis. 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
S Seitzinger J A Harrison J K B?hlke A F Bouwman R Lowrance B Peterson C Tobias G Van Drecht 《Ecological applications》2006,16(6):2064-2090
Denitrification is a critical process regulating the removal of bioavailable nitrogen (N) from natural and human-altered systems. While it has been extensively studied in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems, there has been limited communication among denitrification scientists working in these individual systems. Here, we compare rates of denitrification and controlling factors across a range of ecosystem types. We suggest that terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems in which denitrification occurs can be organized along a continuum ranging from (1) those in which nitrification and denitrification are tightly coupled in space and time to (2) those in which nitrate production and denitrification are relatively decoupled. In aquatic ecosystems, N inputs influence denitrification rates whereas hydrology and geomorphology influence the proportion of N inputs that are denitrified. Relationships between denitrification and water residence time and N load are remarkably similar across lakes, river reaches, estuaries, and continental shelves. Spatially distributed global models of denitrification suggest that continental shelf sediments account for the largest portion (44%) of total global denitrification, followed by terrestrial soils (22%) and oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs; 14%). Freshwater systems (groundwater, lakes, rivers) account for about 20% and estuaries 1% of total global denitrification. Denitrification of land-based N sources is distributed somewhat differently. Within watersheds, the amount of land-based N denitrified is generally highest in terrestrial soils, with progressively smaller amounts denitrified in groundwater, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and estuaries. A number of regional exceptions to this general trend of decreasing denitrification in a downstream direction exist, including significant denitrification in continental shelves of N from terrestrial sources. Though terrestrial soils and groundwater are responsible for much denitrification at the watershed scale, per-area denitrification rates in soils and groundwater (kg N x km(-2) x yr(-1)) are, on average, approximately one-tenth the per-area rates of denitrification in lakes, rivers, estuaries, continental shelves, or OMZs. A number of potential approaches to increase denitrification on the landscape, and thus decrease N export to sensitive coastal systems exist. However, these have not generally been widely tested for their effectiveness at scales required to significantly reduce N export at the whole watershed scale. 相似文献
636.
Bowmer T Jenner HA Foekema E Van Der Meer M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1994,85(2):191-204
The cockle Cerastoderma edule was exposed to sediments variously comprised of pulverised fuel ash (PFA) for two consecutive periods of 3 and 9 months. Chronic effects of PFA on this filter feeding bivalve were studied by examining changes in cellular and tissue pathology with the aid of a screening procedure developed for analysing histopathology conditional. The mortality rate was high, up 43% for the 100% PFA sediment and growth of the individual bivalves was low. The accumulation of metals appeared to be low at 1-10 times background tissue levels. Signs of cellular stress were seen in the digestive gland after the first 3 months. However, after 9 months, this same organ was in fairly good condition. Reproduction was delayed due to slow oocyte maturation. 相似文献
637.
638.
Cornelis-Jan De Groot Annick Vermoesen Oswald Van Cleemput 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1994,31(1-2):183-189
The NO, NO2 and N2O emission was measured, upon application of nitrate, ammonium and both, to four Belgian soils with different characteristics. The addition of NH
4
+
caused higher NO and N2O emissions than the addition of no nitrogen, or the addition of NO
3
–
. In contrast to the two soils with a pH of approximately 8 the two soils with a pH around 6 showed a considerable delay in production of both NO and N2O upon the application of the ammonium, probably due to the lag-period of nitrification. The soils with a pH of 8 gave higher emissions on the application of NH
4
+
than the soils with a pH of 6. The emission of NO2 was found to be considerably lower than the NO emission from the soils. The NO/NO2 ratio varied between 5–25 at considerable NO emissions (>50 nmol kg–1). In the controls of soil 1 and soil 2, which showed very low NO emissions ratios of <1 were observed. The N2O/NO ratios varied between 5–20 when NO emissions were considerable (>50 nmol kg–1). Soil 3 and 4 gave lower N2O/NO ratios than soil 1 and 2. In the controls of soil 1 and soil 2, at low NO emissions, N2O/NO ratios of >300 were observed. Soil 3 and 4 gave higher NO/NO2 and lower N2O/NO ratios than soil 1 and 2. 相似文献
639.
Robert J. Imeson Jeroen C.J.M. Van Den Bergh Jeljer Hoekstra 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2002,7(4):259-271
An overview of the structure and elements of integrated models aimed at studying fishery management policies using static and dynamic optimisation techniques is presented. Continuous and discrete time models are considered under both open-access and sole-owner settings. A variety of economic and biological processes that affect the fishery as a whole is examined. It turns out that overseeing important fish population characteristics such as metapopulation dynamics and multi-species interaction can lead to serious misrepresentation of the fishery and suboptimal controls. Adequate understanding of the economic conditions and considerations potentially affecting the fishermen is necessary to model their behaviour and address their concerns. Misrepresentation of these economic and biologic processes will have an impact on the success of management policies in attaining a sustainable fish population. 相似文献
640.
The economics of transboundary air pollution in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ekko C. Van Ierland 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1991,17(2-3):101-122
Acid rain is causing substantial damage in all Eastern and Western European countries. This article presents a stepwise linear optimisation model, that places transboundary air pollution by SO2 and NOx in a game theoretical framework. The national authorities of 28 countries are perceived as players in a game in which they can choose optimal strategies. It is illustrated that optimal national abatement programmes may be far from optimal if considered from an international point of view. Several scenarios are discussed, including a reference case, full cooperation, Pareto optimality and a critical loads approach. The need for international cooperation and regional differentiation of abatement programmes is emphasised. 相似文献