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排序方式: 共有198条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
61.
62.
Klemm O Schemenauer RS Lummerich A Cereceda P Marzol V Corell D van Heerden J Reinhard D Gherezghiher T Olivier J Osses P Sarsour J Frost E Estrela MJ Valiente JA Fessehaye GM 《Ambio》2012,41(3):221-234
The collection of fog water is a simple and sustainable technology to obtain fresh water for afforestation, gardening, and as a drinking water source for human and animal consumption. In regions where fresh water is sparse and fog frequently occurs, it is feasible to set up a passive mesh system for fog water collection. The mesh is directly exposed to the atmosphere, and the foggy air is pushed through the mesh by the wind. Fog droplets are deposited on the mesh, combine to form larger droplets, and run down passing into a storage tank. Fog water collection rates vary dramatically from site to site but yearly averages from 3 to 10 l m−2 of mesh per day are typical of operational projects. The scope of this article is to review fog collection projects worldwide, to analyze factors of success, and to evaluate the prospects of this technology. 相似文献
63.
64.
Shin-ichi Sakai Hideto Yoshida Yasuhiro Hirai Misuzu Asari Hidetaka Takigami Shin Takahashi Keijirou Tomoda Maria Victoria Peeler Jakub Wejchert Thomas Schmid-Unterseh Aldo Ravazzi Douvan Roy Hathaway Lars D. Hylander Christian Fischer Gil Jong Oh Li Jinhui Ngo Kim Chi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(2):86-102
Reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) policies form the basis of waste management and global warming countermeasures globally, so we conducted a comparative study of 3R and waste management policies in the European Union (EU), USA, Korea, Japan, China, and Vietnam. An international workshop for 3R and waste management policymakers was held in Kyoto, Japan, and a bibliographic survey was also conducted to collect data. 3R policies are clearly given priority in the hierarchy of waste management in every country studied. Thermal recovery, which includes power generation from waste heat and methane gas collected from organic waste, is also a priority; this is consistent with the increased use of countermeasures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the EU, waste management is characterized by practical and effective 3R policies through the development of realistic regulations and by the policymakers??desire to simplify management systems. The policy ideal in China, however, is the development of a circular economy that targets reductions in the amount and hazardousness of waste. Limits on the number of final disposal sites, strategies for procuring resources, and GHG emission countermeasures are closely linked with 3R policies, and further development of 3R policies in parallel with such issues is expected. 相似文献
65.
Urban displacement is frequently portrayed as a new and unfamiliar dilemma for the humanitarian sector, yet broad awareness of its characteristics and challenges has been developing since the 1970s. In the past decade, however, there has been greater attention to, and recognition of, the implications of rapid urbanisation in the developing world. This has led to some policy development and a mounting body of NGO (non-governmental organisation) and think-tank literature on the topic. Assuming displacement to be a key lens on urban vulnerability more broadly, this paper presents an overview of the historical development of debates on urban displacement since the 1970s. Drawing examples from the contributions in this special issue of Disasters, as well as from other sources of information on recent humanitarian responses in various contexts, it assesses the ramifications of urban vulnerability for humanitarian practitioners. The paper contends that the humanitarian sector has failed to galvanise on the issue, and has struggled therefore to employ existing knowledge and to adapt practice. 相似文献
66.
Wei-Che Hsu Jay M. Rosenberger Neelesh V. Sule Melanie L. Sattler Victoria C. P. Chen 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2014,19(6):503-514
The traditional strategy for ground-level ozone control is to apply emission reductions across the board throughout certain time periods and locations. In this paper, we study various mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models that seek to select targeted control strategies for the Dallas Fort-Worth (DFW) region to reduce emissions, in order to achieve the State Implementation Plan (SIP) requirements with minimum cost. Statistics and optimization methods are used to determine a potential set of cost-effective control strategies for reducing ozone. These targeted control strategies are specified for different types of emission sources in various time periods and locations. Three MILP models, a static model, a sequential model, and a dynamic model, are studied in this research. These different MILP models allow decision makers to study how the targeted control strategies change under different circumstances. Meanwhile, two types of auxiliary variables are considered as supplemental control strategies in the optimization if the current set of control strategies is unable to reduce ozone to comply with the 8-h ozone standard. Results from the different models can provide decision makers with information concerning how the effectiveness of the control strategies varies with daily emission patterns and meteorology. 相似文献
67.
Inorganic and carbonaceous components in indoor/outdoor particulate matter in two residential houses in Oslo, Norway 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lazaridis M Aleksandropoulou V Hanssen JE Dye C Eleftheriadis K Katsivela E 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2008,58(3):346-356
A detailed analysis of indoor/outdoor physicochemical aerosol properties has been performed. Aerosol measurements were taken at two dwellings, one in the city center and the other in the suburbs of the Oslo metropolitan area, during summer/fall and winter/spring periods of 2002-2003. In this paper, emphasis is placed on the chemical characteristics (water-soluble ions and carbonaceous components) of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles and their indoor/outdoor relationship. Results demonstrate that the carbonaceous species were dominant in all fractions of the PM10 particles (cut off size: 0.09-11.31 microm) during all measurement periods, except winter 2003, when increased concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions were predominant because of sea salt transport. The concentration of organic carbon was higher in the fine and coarse PM10 fractions indoors, whereas elemental carbon was higher indoors only in the coarse fraction. In regards to the carbonaceous species, local traffic and secondary organic aerosol formation were, probably, the main sources outdoors, whereas indoors combustion activities such as preparation of food, burning of candles, and cigarette smoking were the main sources. In contrast, the concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions were higher outdoors than indoors. The variability of water-soluble inorganic ion concentrations outdoors was related to changes in emissions from local anthropogenic sources, long-range transport of particles, sea salt emissions, and resuspension of roadside and soil dusts. In the indoor environment the infiltration of the outdoor air indoors was the major source of inorganic ions. 相似文献
68.
Fernández-Llamazares Álvaro Garcia Raquel Amaral Díaz-Reviriego Isabel Cabeza Mar Pyhälä Aili Reyes-García Victoria 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(6):1673-1685
Regional Environmental Change - Existing climate data for Bolivian Amazonia rely on observations from a few sparse weather stations, interpolated on coarse-resolution grids. At the same time, the... 相似文献
69.
Huang V Sakata JT Rhen T Coomber P Simmonds S Crews D 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2008,95(12):1137-1142
Kratochvil et al. (Naturwissenschaften 95:209–215, 2008) reported recently that in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) of the family Eublepharidae with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), clutches in which eggs were incubated at
the same temperature produce only same-sex siblings. Interpreting this result in light of studies of sex steroid hormone involvement
in sex determination, they suggested that maternally derived yolk steroid hormones could constrain sex-determining mechanisms
in TSD reptiles. We have worked extensively with this species and have routinely incubated clutches at constant temperatures.
To test the consistency of high frequency same-sex clutches across different incubation temperatures, we examined our records
of clutches at the University of Texas at Austin from 1992 to 2001. We observed that clutches in which eggs were incubated
at the same incubation temperature produced mixed-sex clutches as well as same-sex clutches. Furthermore, cases in which eggs
within a clutch were separated and incubated at different temperatures produced the expected number of mixed-sex clutches.
These results suggest that maternal influences on sex determination are secondary relative to incubation temperature effects. 相似文献
70.
Ultrastructural and chemical characterization of egg surface of honeybee worker and queen-laid eggs 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Tamar?Katzav-GozanskyEmail author Victoria?Soroker Josef?Kamer Claudia?M.?Schulz Wittko?Francke Abraham?Hefetz 《Chemoecology》2003,13(3):129-134
Summary. Worker policing in honeybees predicts the
evolution of a mechanism to discriminate between queenand
worker-born eggs. Although it has been postulated that
this discrimination is based on an egg recognition
pheromone, neither the chemistry nor the glandular source
were elucidated. To verify whether egg discrimination might
be based on structural differences, we compared the ultrastructure
surface of queen-laid diploid and haploid eggs to
that of worker-laid eggs using SEM. Only small differences
between the different types of eggs were found. Thus, at
least based on the fine structure of the egg surface, queen
eggs are indistinguishable from worker-laid eggs.To explore the chemosensory hypothesis for egg discrimination,
we conducted a detailed comparative chemical
analysis of the different egg types. The coating of all egg
types was dominated by linear alkanes, but queen eggs,
diploid and haploid, differed from those of workers on two
accounts: 1. The diversity of compounds found on queenlaid
eggs was much greater than found on worker-laid eggs,
mainly due to the number of hydrocarbons. 2. Acetates of
some fatty alcohols, alkenes and especially monomethylalkanes
were characteristic to queen eggs. The origin of the
two latter substances and the acetates is still unknown.
Whether these compounds constitute the signal that enables
police workers to discriminate between queen- and workerborn
eggs remains to be investigated. 相似文献