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41.
Vogel-Mikus K Pongrac P Kump P Necemer M Regvar M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,139(2):362-371
Plants of the Zn, Cd and Pb hyperaccumulator Thlaspi praecox Wulfen (Brassicaceae) inoculated or not with indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal mixture were grown in a highly Cd, Zn and Pb contaminated substrate in order to evaluate the functionality of symbiosis and assess the possible impact of AM colonisation on heavy metal uptake and tolerance. The results suggest AM development in the metal hyperaccumulating T. praecox is favoured at elevated nutrient demands, e.g. during the reproductive period. AM colonisation parameters positively correlated with total soil Cd and Pb. Colonised plants showed significantly improved nutrient and a decreased Cd and Zn uptake as revealed by TRXRF, thus confirming the functionality of the symbiosis. Reduced heavy metal uptake, especially at higher soil metal contents, indicates a changed metal tolerance strategy in colonised T. praecox plants. This is to our knowledge the first report on AM colonisation of the Zn, Cd and Pb hyperaccumulator T. praecox in a greenhouse experiment. 相似文献
42.
Skoglind-?hman I Kjellberg K 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2011,17(4):433-444
The aim of this pilot study was to explore whether home care service personnel used knowledge and skills in transfer technique in their daily work; knowledge and skills gained by participating in training programmes, and to identify factors that may hinder and support their use. Focus group interviews were held with 2 home care service groups in 2 Swedish towns. Individual interviews were conducted with the personnel's managers, unit leaders and safety representatives. Qualitative content analysis was used. The findings revealed that the personnel tried to use their knowledge and skills. However, there were both hindering and supporting factors for the use of safe work technique. The findings indicate that training programmes in transfer technique should not be implemented as isolated actions without considering the physical environment, the wishes of persons receiving care and their relatives, the work organisation, the safety culture and the role of managers. 相似文献
43.
Karim D. Kalache Katarina Lehmann Rabih Chaoui Dietmar E. Kivelitz Stefan Mundlos Rainer Bollmann 《黑龙江环境通报》2002,22(5):404-407
A fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia type 2 (TD2) associated with cloverleaf skull and abnormal development of the corpus callosum is reported. This case represents the first prenatal direct visualization of a partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) using high-resolution ultrasonography and colour power Doppler, which was confirmed by post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The causal link between cloverleaf skull in TD and partial ACC is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
44.
The distribution of parasites is often characterised by substantial aggregation with a small proportion of hosts harbouring
the majority of parasites. This pattern can be generated by abiotic and biotic factors that affect hosts and determine host
exposure and susceptibility to parasites. Climate factors can change a host’s investment in life-history traits (e.g. growth,
reproduction) generating temporal patterns of parasite aggregation. Similarly, host age may affect such investment. Furthermore,
sex-biased parasitism is common among vertebrates and has been linked to sexual dimorphism in morphology, behaviour and physiology.
Studies exploring sex-biased parasitism have been almost exclusively conducted on polygynous species where dimorphic traits
are often correlated. We investigated the effects of season and life-history traits on tick loads of the monogamous eastern
rock sengi (Elephantulus myurus). We found larger tick burdens during the non-breeding season possibly as a result of energetic constraints and/or climate
effects on the tick. Reproductive investment resulted in increased larval abundance for females but not males and may be linked
to sex-specific life-history strategies. The costs of reproduction could also explain the observed age effect with yearling
individuals harbouring lower larval burdens than adults. Although adult males had the greatest larval tick loads, host sex
appears to play a minor role in generating the observed parasite heterogeneities. Our study suggests that reproductive investment
plays a major role for parasite patterns in the study species. 相似文献
45.
46.
Mitesh Kataria Katarina Elofsson Berit Hasler 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(4):273-281
In the water management literature both the normal and log-normal distribution are commonly used to model stochastic water
pollution. The normality assumption is usually motivated by the central limit theorem, while the log-normality assumption
is often motivated by the need to avoid the possibility of negative pollution loads. We utilize the truncated normal distribution
as an alternative to these distributions. Using probabilistic constraints in a cost-minimization model for the Baltic Sea,
we show that the distribution assumption bias is between 1% and 60%. Simulations show that a greater difference is to be expected
for data with a higher degree of truncation. Using the normal distribution instead of the truncated normal distribution leads
to an underestimation of the true cost. On the contrary, the difference in cost when using the normal versus the log-normal
can be positive as well as negative. 相似文献
47.
Katarina Eckerberg 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1996,39(2):223-242
This paper examines the use of policy instruments to reduce nutrient loading to water systems. A case study is made in the Laholm Bay on the west coast of Sweden, where an action programme was launched in 1986. However, while point sources have now largely been dealt with, diffuse pollution is still increasing. We apply implementation theory to discuss how public and private actors use regulative, market and communicative policy strategies in an attempt to combat this pollution. Despite consensus between the actors on the policy problem per se, disputes remain on the means for implementation and how the costs should be borne. 相似文献
48.
Jean Bogner Riitta Pipatti Seiji Hashimoto Cristobal Diaz Katarina Mareckova Luis Diaz Peter Kjeldsen Suvi Monni Andre Faaij Qingxian Gao Tianzhu Zhang Mohammed Abdelrafie Ahmed R T M Sutamihardja Robert Gregory 《Waste management & research》2008,26(1):11-32
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from post-consumer waste and wastewater are a small contributor (about 3%) to total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Emissions for 2004-2005 totalled 1.4 Gt CO2-eq year(-1) relative to total emissions from all sectors of 49 Gt CO2-eq year(-1) [including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and F-gases normalized according to their 100-year global warming potentials (GWP)]. The CH4 from landfills and wastewater collectively accounted for about 90% of waste sector emissions, or about 18% of global anthropogenic methane emissions (which were about 14% of the global total in 2004). Wastewater N2O and CO2 from the incineration of waste containing fossil carbon (plastics; synthetic textiles) are minor sources. Due to the wide range of mature technologies that can mitigate GHG emissions from waste and provide public health, environmental protection, and sustainable development co-benefits, existing waste management practices can provide effective mitigation of GHG emissions from this sector. Current mitigation technologies include landfill gas recovery, improved landfill practices, and engineered wastewater management. In addition, significant GHG generation is avoided through controlled composting, state-of-the-art incineration, and expanded sanitation coverage. Reduced waste generation and the exploitation of energy from waste (landfill gas, incineration, anaerobic digester biogas) produce an indirect reduction of GHG emissions through the conservation of raw materials, improved energy and resource efficiency, and fossil fuel avoidance. Flexible strategies and financial incentives can expand waste management options to achieve GHG mitigation goals; local technology decisions are influenced by a variety of factors such as waste quantity and characteristics, cost and financing issues, infrastructure requirements including available land area, collection and transport considerations, and regulatory constraints. Existing studies on mitigation potentials and costs for the waste sector tend to focus on landfill CH4 as the baseline. The commercial recovery of landfill CH4 as a source of renewable energy has been practised at full scale since 1975 and currently exceeds 105 Mt CO2-eq year(-1). Although landfill CH4 emissions from developed countries have been largely stabilized, emissions from developing countries are increasing as more controlled (anaerobic) landfilling practices are implemented; these emissions could be reduced by accelerating the introduction of engineered gas recovery, increasing rates of waste minimization and recycling, and implementing alternative waste management strategies provided they are affordable, effective, and sustainable. Aided by Kyoto mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI), the total global economic mitigation potential for reducing waste sector emissions in 2030 is estimated to be > 1000 Mt CO2-eq (or 70% of estimated emissions) at costs below 100 US$ t(-1) CO2-eq year(-1). An estimated 20-30% of projected emissions for 2030 can be reduced at negative cost and 30-50% at costs < 20 US$ t(-) CO2-eq year(-1). As landfills produce CH4 for several decades, incineration and composting are complementary mitigation measures to landfill gas recovery in the short- to medium-term--at the present time, there are > 130 Mt waste year(-1) incinerated at more than 600 plants. Current uncertainties with respect to emissions and mitigation potentials could be reduced by more consistent national definitions, coordinated international data collection, standardized data analysis, field validation of models, and consistent application of life-cycle assessment tools inclusive of fossil fuel offsets. 相似文献
49.
50.
The EU Water Framework Directive will require river-basin management plans in order to achieve good ecological status and find the most cost-efficient nitrogen (N) leaching abatement measures. Detailed scenario calculations based on modeling methods will be valuable in this regard. This paper describes the approach and an application with a coefficient method based on the simulation model SOILNDB for quantification of N leaching from arable land and for prediction of the effect of abatement scenarios for the R?nne? catchment (1900 km2) in southern Sweden. Cost calculations for the different measures were also performed. The results indicate that the individual measures-cover crop and spring plowing, late termination of ley and fallow, and spring application of manure-would only reduce N leaching by between 5% and 8%. If all measures were combined and winter crops replaced by their corresponding spring variants, a 21% reduction in N leaching would be possible. However, this would require total fulfillment of the suggested measures. 相似文献