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71.
The biodegradation of 2‐halosubstituted and 4‐halosubstituted benzyl alcohols was studied using two sources of biodegrative micro‐organisms: mixed culture from the ?TUDA waste water treatment plant, Dom?ale, and the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain MZKI B‐223 (ATCC 24725). The results obtained by this study indicate the interrelationship between the types of micro‐organism used in the experiments and the type and position of the halogen element on the aromatic ring. 相似文献
72.
Locomotion performance plays a vital role in determining hatchling green turtle Chelonia mydas survival in the first few hours after emerging from their nests as hatchlings crawl and swim the gauntlet of predators before
reaching the relative safety of the open ocean. Previous laboratory based constant incubation experiments found incubation
temperature to influence the size and swimming performance of hatchling green turtles. Here we examine the morphology and
crawling and swimming performance of hatchling green turtles as they emerge from nests on Heron Island rookery in the southern
Great Barrier Reef to test the hypothesis that nest temperature in the field can influence these attributes. We found inter-nest
differences in hatchling mass and dimensions, and that hatchling mass was not correlated with nest temperature. However, hatchlings
from warmer nests had smaller carapace dimensions than hatchlings from cool nests suggesting that more yolk was converted
to hatchling tissue during embryonic development in cool nests. There was considerable intra- and inter-nest variation in
both crawling and swimming performance of hatchlings. Hatchlings from cool nests tended to be faster crawlers than hatchlings
from warm nests, but the thrust produced during swimming was not correlated with nest temperature. During the 4 h swimming
trial, hatchlings swimming effort decreased significantly during the first 3 h but swimming effort remained relatively constant
for the last 1 h. Individual hatchling crawling and swimming performances were not correlated with each other.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
73.
Björklöf K Salminen J Sainio P Jørgensen K 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2008,30(2):101-107
Evidence for on site biodegradation may be difficult to provide at heterogeneous sites without additional experiments in controlled
laboratory conditions. In this study, microbial activities measured as CO2 and CH4 production were compared in situ, in intact soil cores and in bottle microcosms containing sieved soils. In addition, biodegradation
rates were determined by measuring the decrease in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations at 7°C in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Elevated concentrations of CO2 and CH4 in the soil gas phase indicated that both the aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity potentials were high at the contaminated
site. Aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation rates in laboratory experiments of petroleum hydrocarbons were highest in
soils from the most contaminated point and degradation in the aerobic and anaerobic microcosms was linear throughout the incubation,
indicating mass-transfer-dependent degradation. Different results for microbial activity measurements were obtained in laboratory
studies depending on pretreatment and size of the sample, even when the environmental conditions were mimicked. These differences
may be related to differences in the gas exchange rates as well as in changes in the bioavailability of the contaminant in
different analyses. When predicting by modeling the behavior of an aged contaminant it is relevant to adapt the models in
use to correspond to conditions relevant at the contaminated sites. The variables used in the models should be based on data
from the site and on experiments performed using the original aged contaminant without any additions. 相似文献
74.
Phosphorus losses from arable soils contribute to eutrophication of freshwater systems. In addition to losses through surface runoff, leaching has lately gained increased attention as an important P transport pathway. Increased P levels in arable soils have highlighted the necessity of establishing a relationship between actual P leaching and soil P levels. In this study, we measured leaching of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) during three years in undisturbed soil columns of five soils. The soils were collected at sites, established between 1957 and 1966, included in a long-term Swedish fertility experiment with four P fertilization levels at each site. Total P losses varied between 0.03 and 1.09 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), but no general correlation could be found between P concentrations and soil test P (Olsen P and phosphorus content in ammonium lactate extract [P-AL]) or P sorption indices (single-point phosphorus sorption index [PSI] and P sorption saturation) of the topsoil. Instead, water transport mechanism through the soil and subsoil properties seemed to be more important for P leaching than soil test P value in the topsoil. In one soil, where preferential flow was the dominant water transport pathway, water and P bypassed the high sorption capacity of the subsoil, resulting in high losses. On the other hand, P leaching from some soils was low in spite of high P applications due to high P sorption capacity in the subsoil. Therefore, site-specific factors may serve as indicators for P leaching losses, but a single, general indicator for all soil types was not found in this study. 相似文献
75.
76.
Abstract Chapter 28 of the UNCED agreement ‘Agenda 21’ asks for implementing sustainable development at the local level of government. Sweden is amongst the fore‐running nations in having responded quickly to these demands. Virtually all of Sweden's 288 municipalities have decided to embark on the Local Agenda 21 process. In this article, the progress so far and how LA21 has been interpreted at the local level are examined. The motives behind the process, the tensions between national and local policy making, and the role of municipal networks and NGOs are analysed. Four case studies of pioneer municipalities are used to illustrate how LA21 has sometimes inspired more far‐reaching goals at the local than at the national level, and the combination of economic development and marketing with environmental policy. It remains to be seen whether the most recent national government investment programme towards local projects for sustainable development will resolve the present conflicts between national goals and local priorities. 相似文献
77.
Toxic heavy metals in air, soil and water are global problems that are growing threat to the environment. Therefore, the removal and separation of toxic and environmentally relevant heavy metal ions are a technological challenge with respect to industrial and environmental application. A promising process for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions involves bonding the metals to a bonding agent (such as macromolecular species), and then separating the loaded agents from wastewater by separation processes such as membrane filtration. The choice of water-soluble macroligands remains important for developing this technology. The effects of type of complexing agent, pH value and applied pressure on retention coefficients of Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes were investigated. At best operating conditions (pH=9.0, p=300kPa) using diethylaminoethyl cellulose, the removal of Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) was more than 95% and 99%, respectively. 相似文献