不同光强对阿特拉津和百草枯藻类毒性的影响

分别在20和50μmol·m-2·s-1光照强度下,研究了两种除草剂阿特拉津和百草枯对3株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806、M.aeruginosa XW01、集胞藻Synechocystis PCC6803和两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa、四尾柵藻Scenedesmus quadricauda的毒害效应.通过测定藻的生长,计算出了半效抑制浓度EC50值,结果表明:高光强下两种除草剂对5株藻的96 h-EC50值均明显低于低光强下的值,显示高光强有促进两种除草剂对藻类毒害的效应.高光强可促使阿特拉津显著提高藻细胞的丙二醛(MDA)含量,提示高光强促进阿特拉津产生更多的自由基破坏细胞膜脂.     

铅锌冶炼厂不同工艺铅元素粒径分布特征

使用安德森撞击式粒径分级采样器,分别对陕西某铅锌冶炼厂熔炼备料、鼓风熔炼炉和铸铅工艺无组织颗粒物进行分级采样,并分析不同工艺各粒径段颗粒物中的铅元素含量及粒径分布特征.结果表明,不同工艺颗粒物的排放量有所不同,其中鼓风炉熔炼工艺颗粒物排放量最大,为402.83 mg·h-1,熔炼备料和铸铅工艺分别为182.71 mg·h-1和100.03 mg·h-1;各工艺段颗粒物中的铅元素含量也不相同,其中熔炼备料工艺颗粒物中铅元素质量分数为111.54 mg·kg-1,鼓风炉熔炼68.54mg·kg-1、铸铅工艺10.5 mg·kg-1;从粒径分布来看,熔炼备料和鼓风炉熔炼铅元素主要集中在粗粒径范围,而铸铅工艺在粗、细粒径段中比重相当,其中熔炼备料粗粒径铅元素占总量的质量分数为43.42%,鼓风炉熔炼占到了47.48%,铸铅工艺粗、细粒径中铅元素分别占37.14%、45.72%;熔炼备料和铸铅工艺在粗粒径和细粒径范围内均有峰值出现,而鼓风炉熔炼铅元素峰值主要出现在粗粒径段;各工艺铅元素累积频率分布曲线均符合对数正态分布.     

原子力显微镜液池成像技术应用于微絮凝过滤工艺过程中的实验条件优化

采用原子力显微镜液池成像技术对微絮凝过滤工艺过程中的微絮凝时间和搅拌强度进行优化.结果表明,原子力显微镜液池成像技术可以对混凝过程中的微絮体进行形貌表征和数字描述,并证实微絮凝过滤工艺在处理实际印染工业尾水过程中,微絮凝时间为2 min,搅拌强度为100 s-1时可以达到优化的处理效果.     

活性炭在中高温条件下对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

为提高玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的产气效果,本文研究活性炭在中温(38℃)和高温(50℃)条件下对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷的效果及微生物学机制.结果表明,添加活性炭能显著促进秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷,中、高温试验组(添加活性炭)的累积产甲烷量分别比对照提高了63%和96%;DGGE的结果显示,高温试验组(添加活性炭)和对照组(未添加活性炭)的发酵液中的优势细菌菌群分别是Clostridiale bacterium和Bacillus,中温对照组发酵液和中温试验组发酵液未发现明显优势菌种.添加活性炭分别有利于氢营养型的甲烷鬃毛菌(Methanosaeta concilii strain)和乙酸营养型的醋酸甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina acetivorans strain),在中温、高温试验组的发酵液中形成优势古菌菌群.中温试验组活性炭载体上的优势古菌菌群为甲烷鬃毛菌(Methanosaeta concilii strain),而高温试验组活性炭载体上的优势古菌菌群主要为甲烷八叠球菌嗜高温菌属(Methanosarcina thermophila strain).     

黄海表层溶解氧时空分布特征

本文基于1960~1997年期间黄海表层溶解氧（DO）数据,研究了不同时期DO时空变化规律。结果表明:表层DO月均值呈现出一致的变化规律,DO最高值（6.73 mL/L）出现在3月,最低值出现在8月（4.90 mL/L）;不同时期季节变化规律为:春季>冬季>夏季>秋季。就整个研究阶段而言,DO年际变化趋于稳定;在空间分布上,表层DO也呈现出明显的季节变化特征,总体呈现出北高南低,近岸高于远海的分布特征。冬,春季节因受黄海暖流影响具有相似的分布特征;夏,秋季节因太阳辐射和黄海环流的影响分布特征相似;表层DO与海表温度负相关,随PO₄-P、NO₃-N和SiO₃-Si浓度增大而上升。表观耗氧量（AOU）在整个研究阶段均值为-0.06 mL/L,呈现基本平衡状态。     

Coastal and riverine ecosystems as adaptive flood defenses under a changing climate

Adaptation planning for flood risk forms a significant part of global climate change response. Engineering responses to higher water levels can be prohibitively costly. Several recent studies emphasize the potential role of ecosystems in flood protection as adaptive risk reduction measures while also contributing to carbon fixation. Here, we use a conceptual model study to illustrate the built-in adaptive capability of ecosystems to reduce a wide range of wave heights, occurring at different water levels, to a narrower range. Our model shows that wave height of waves running through a forested section is independent of initial height or of water level. Although the underlying phenomenon of non-linear wave attenuation within coastal vegetation is well studied, implications of reducing variability in wave heights for design of ecosystem and levee combinations have not yet been properly outlined. Narrowing the range of wave heights by a vegetation field generates an adaptive levee that is robust to a whole range of external conditions rather than only to a maximum wave height. This feature can substantially reduce costs for retrofitting of levees under changing future wave climates. Thereby, in wave prone areas, inclusion of ecosystems into flood defense schemes constitutes an adaptive and safe alternative to only hard engineered flood risk measures.     

Envisioning robust climate change adaptation futures for coastal regions: a comparative evaluation of cases in three continents

The paper reports on a comparative study of three different cases on vision and strategy development for climate change adaptation planning in (i) The South African Breede–Overberg Catchment, (ii) The Mississippi Estuary-New Orleans region and (iii) The Dutch Rhine-Meuse Estuary. The objective of the paper is twofold: to develop a better understanding of such processes and to further develop the Backcasting-Adaptive Management (BCAM) methodology. A framework for case evaluation is developed using six dimensions: (i) inputs and resources, (ii) future vision, (iii) stakeholder engagement, (iv) methodological aspects, (v) pathway development and (vi) impact. Major conclusions based on a cross-case comparison and testing propositions are (i) participatory vision development is a strong tool for climate change adaptation planning in different governance contexts and shows considerable diversity in its application in these contexts; (ii) a single, shared future vision is not a prerequisite for vision and pathway development and endorsement; (iii) broad stakeholder engagement enriches strategy development, but the involvement of marginal groups requires additional efforts and capacity building; (iv) multiple pathways and robust elements are useful but require novel expertise; and (v) more institutional embeddedness and support for participatory processes lead to better implementation of the outcomes of these processes.     

自然储存过程中点火具性能变化规律研究

目的研究点火具的点火压力随储存时间、地区的变化规律。方法对在正常储存条件下分别储存于北方和南方地区,储存年限分别为5,10,15,19年的某型点火具进行点火压力-时间关系试验。结果点火压力随时间的增加先上升后减小,北方地区的最大压力下降了0.4 MPa左右,南方地区的最大压力下降了0.3 MPa左右。在北方地区储存的点火具的最大压力时间要长于在南方地区储存的点火具最大压力时间。结论点火具在长时间储存和不同地区储存的参数会发生变化,但是参数的变化在允许的范围之内,地区的差异会对点火具的性能产生一定的影响,影响的主要因素之一是温度。     

苏锡常地区PM2.5污染特征及其潜在源区分析

利用2014年12月—2015年11月苏锡常地区国控大气环境质量监测站发布的逐时数据,分析了研究区PM_(2.5)浓度的季节变化和空间分布特征,并利用HYSPLIT模型分析了大气污染物的输送路径及苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)的潜在源区.结果表明,苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)浓度日均值变化趋势基本一致,均呈现冬季高、夏季低的规律.PM_(2.5)浓度四季空间差异显著,不同监测站之间的差异较小.四季PM_(2.5)浓度与其它污染物之间相关性显著.单位面积污染物排放量与空气质量分布的空间错位,表明该地区PM_(2.5)污染与区域性污染物迁移有较大关系.苏锡常地区气流后向轨迹季节变化特征明显,冬、春、秋季的气流主要来自西北内陆地区,夏季气流以东南和西南方向输入居多.聚类分析表明,来自内陆的污染气流和来自海洋的清洁气流是苏锡常地区两种主要输送类型,外源污染气流不仅直接输送颗粒物,还贡献了大量的气态污染物.山东南部、江苏西部、安徽东部、浙江北部及江西西北地区对苏锡常冬季PM_(2.5)浓度贡献较大,春、夏、秋季的潜在源区主要分布在苏锡常本地和周边城市.